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SODIUM BROMATE

CAS NO.: 7789-38-0
EC/LİST NO.: 232-160-4

Sodium bromate is mainly used in continuous or batch dyeing processes involving sulfur or vat dyes and as a hair-permagent, chemical agent, or gold solvent in gold mines when used with sodium bromide.
Sodium bromate is produced by passing bromine into a solution of sodium carbonate.
Sodium bromate may also be produced by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide.
Alternatively, Sodium bromate can also be created by the oxidation of bromine with chlorine to sodium hydroxide at 80 °C.

3 Br2+3 Na2CO3=5 NaBr+NaBrO3+3 CO2

Sodium Bromate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade);
ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade;
Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade;
Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available.
Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Sodium bromate is a powerful brominating agent for aromatic compounds that contain deactivating substituents.
A bromination process, in which sodium bromate was utilized, was optimized on laboratory scale.
Addition of a strong acid into a stirred aqueous solution, or slurry, of the substrate and bromate salt at 40−100°C, leads to the decomposition of the bromate ions and production of the active brominating species.
Substrates such as nitrobenzene, benzoic acid, and benzaldehyde were brominated in high yields (85−98%) and specificity.
The reaction is especially useful for the bromination of disubstituted benzenes, such as 4-nitrofluorobenzene or 4-fluorobenzoic acid.
Several substrates, such as dinitrobenzenes or nitrobenzoic acids, did not undergo bromination at all.
The main parameters of the reaction and some of its synthetic potential are discussed.

Sodium Bromate is formed by passing bromine through a solution of sodium carbonate .
Potassium Bromate may be produced by passing bromine through a solution of potassium hydroxide .
These compounds are usually manufactured by large-scale industrial electrolytic processes.

The following are the allowable limits of impurities present in the food-grade
Potassium Bromate:
not >3 ppm arsenic, andor 10 ppm heavy metals such as lead.
Commercial Potassium Bromate may contain up to 0.02-0.05% bromides, 0.001-0.01% sulfates, and 20 mg/kg iron.
Potassium Bromate is commercially available in mixtures with 5% magnesium carbonate or 50% calcium carbonate (AmeriBrom, undated; American International Chemical, undated)

Sodium Bromate was present in 61 cosmetic formulations voluntarily reported in 1991 to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by the cosmetic industry.
There were no reported uses of Potassium Bromate (FDA, 1991).
Concentration of use values are no longer reported to the FDA by the cosmetic industry.
However, product formulation data submitted to the FDA in 1984 stated that Sodium Bromate was used in permanent wave formulations within the concentration range of 10-25% (FDA, 1984).
A cosmetic formulation was analyzed and found to contain 10.17% NaBrO,, (8.5% BrO,-).

Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with a catalytic amount of ceric ammonium nitrate reagent supported on silica gel has been achieved using stoichiometric sodium bromate as the primary oxidant.
The heterogeneous CAN/NaBrO3 reagent enables the use of an organic solvent and simplifies the reaction work-up and product isolation.

the functionalization of aromatic compounds throughbrominated intermediates is a very useful synthetic method.
Many reagents are used for the bromination step, including,besides Br2itself (with or without a catalyst), such com-pounds as NBS, 1,3-dibromodimethylhydantoin (DBDMH),benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide, etc.
Most of theseagents are used for the bromination of aromatic substratesthat contain ring-activating groups, for example, toluene,aniline, and phenol.
Very few reagents can be used tobrominate compounds with strong electron-withdrawinggroups, such as nitrobenzene, benzoic acid, or benzene-sulfonic acid.
The lack of an efficient and economical methodfor such bromination is probably one of the reasons meta-substituted compounds are less common in many applicationsthan their ortho- or para-substituted isomers.

This study dealswith meta bromination and recommends the utilization ofNaBrO3for the bromination of aromatic substrates thatcontain one or two such deactivating groups.
Severe regulations on the use of sodium and potassiumbromate were imposed, in the past few years, by health andenvironmental protection authorities.
Some of their regularuses (like KBrO3as a flour improver in baking processes)were banned.
1In this atmosphere of diminishing markets anddeclining demands, other uses are being sought.
One suchpotential utilization is in bromination and oxidation reactions.
Price-wise, however, none of the brominating reagents,including bromates, can compete with Br2, and usually theprice of KBrO3is twice as much as that of bromine.
Therefore, the use of bromate salts in processes may beeconomically justified only when they provide substantialadvantages in the yield and reaction conditions over the useof Br2.

Coating Place, Inc. offers a product line of Encapsulated Sodium Bromate (Encap-SB) breaker products for delayed release, viscosity modifier applications in hydraulic fracturing situations.
Encapsulated breaker products delay the release of the active breaker material when introduced to the fracturing fluid to allow for a more precise, uniform, and controllable discharge.
The delayed release capability of Encap-SB High Temperature (HT) enables the use of higher breaker concentrations without compromising the fracturing fluids proppant transport capabilities before the proper release time.
The advantages of Encap-SB combine to offer improved product effectiveness and oil production efficiency in every individual facture site.

A fracturing fluid made up of a high viscosity gel with a proppant, such as sand, is pumped into a well bore at an appropriate rate and pressure to produce lateral fractures to open access to surrounding crude oil and natural gas.
This high viscosity fluid creates fractures that produce more return potential compared to a fluid that has a lower viscosity.
Breaker, such as Encap-SB, is injected with the high viscosity fracturing fluid to lower the viscosity after a controlled release time thus, allowing the fluid to escape from the newly formed cracks while leaving the proppant in position to hold the fracture open.
Crude oil and natural gas in the surrounding fracture zone will flow freely and can be extracted from the original well bore.
The lower viscosity after viscosity modification allows for a higher rate of return on fluid used in the fracturing process.

Sodium Bromate and Potassium Bromate are inorganic salts of bromic acid. Both of these salts are colorless and odorless crystals.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Sodium Bromate and Potassium Bromate may be used in hair straighteners and permanet wave products.

Sodium bromate, also called sodium salt of bromic acid, is an inorganic compound of sodium, bromine, and oxygen represented by the chemical formula NaBrO3.
Sodium bromate is a strong oxidizing agent that may explode through prolonged exposure to fire or heat .

Sodium bromate is formed through electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide in which stainless steel plate works as the cathode and mixed metal oxide coated titanium plate acts as the anode .

NaBr + 3H2O → NaBrO3 + 3H2

Color and Appearance:Colorless to white crystals, dry powder

Odor:Odorless

Melting Point:381 °C, 717.8 °F (decomposes with evolution of oxygen)

Boiling Point:1390 °C, 2530 °F

Density:3.34 g cm-3

pH:5.0-9.0 at 25 °C

State of matter at room temperature:Solid

Solubility:Soluble in ammonia and insoluble in ethanol

Solubility in Water:27.5 g/100 g at 0 °C
36.4 g/100 g at 20 °C
48.8 g/100 g at 40 °C
62.6 g/100 g at 60 °C
75.8 g/100 g at 80 °C
90.8 g/100 g at 100 °C

Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -44.2 X 10-6 cm3/mol

Bromate may be formed in water during ozonation when the bromide ion is present
Under certain conditions, bromate may also be formed in oncentrated hypochlorite solutions used to disinfect drinking-water .
This reaction is due to the presence of bromide in the raw materials used in the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite.
Bromide is not oxidized by chlorine dioxide, so the use of chlorine dioxide will not generate hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion or bromate .
Bromate can also be formed in electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid solutions when bromide is present in the brine.

Sodium and potassium bromate are powerful oxidizers used mainly in permanent wave neutralizing solutions and the dying of textiles using sulfur dyes .
Potassium bromate is also used as a chemical reagent and as an oxidizer to mature flour during milling and to condition dough during baking .
As well, Sodium bromate is used in treating barley in beer making and has been used for the improvement of the quality of fish paste products in Japan potassium bromate in food processing was not appropriate and that, as a general principle, bromate should not be present in food as consumed.

The bromates of chief industrial interest are those of sodium and potassium.
Sodium bromate is used in mixtures with sodium bromide to extract gold from ore.
Sodium bromate is also used as an analytical reagent, as a cleaning agent for boilers, and as a component in hair-waving formulations.
Potassium bromate is used primarily as a conditioner for flour and dough; some of its nonfood uses include use as an oxidizing agent for analytic chemistry and as a brominating agent.
The bromates of calcium and barium have limited use as oxidizers, maturing agents in flour, and analytic reagents.

Reactivity Profile
Sodium bromate is an oxidizing agent.
May react violently with combustibles and reducing agents.
Reacts with textiles, oil, fat, grease, sugar, sawdust and ammonium salts, carbon, phosphorus, metal powders and sulfides with hazard of fire and explosion .
A mixture of finely divided aluminum with finely divided Sodium bromate explodes by heat, percussion, and friction.

Sodium bromate is produced commercially from bromine by reacting it with sodium carbonate.
Sodium bromate is also produced through electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide.
Sodium bromate is available in white crystalline form and is water soluble.
Sodium bromate may explode upon prolonged exposure to heat or fire.
Sodium bromate is a powerful brominating agent for aromatic compounds that contain de-activating substituents thereby producing bromate ions for production of nitrobenzene, benzoic acid, and benzaldehyde.

Sodium bromate is primarily used in the cosmetics industry (hair dressing, straightening, and bleaching), textile industry (dyeing process of synthetic fabrics) and the food Industry (baking agent).
Sodium bromate is also used prominently in the explosives industry depending on the thermal decomposition of bromine and formation of oxygen.
Naturally occurring bromates are found in water when ozone reacts with bromide ions.

Extensive use in the cosmetics industry followed by brominating of aromatic compounds (benzene, hexane and toluene) in which corresponding product such as Benzoic acid is formed) is considered to drive the market for sodium bromate.
Cosmetic is a consumer-centric industry.
Demand for natural ingredients in the cosmetic mixture is likely to boost the cosmetic industry.
This, in turn, is expected to propel the global sodium bromate market.
Sodium bromate is an inorganic salt and acts as an oxidizing agent.
Salts of bromates (especially potassium and slight amounts of sodium) are added to the flour to strengthen the dough.
This allows the dough to rise higher.

Sales of sodium bromate have become stronger because of its use as a dying agent.
Handling is one of the major restraints for bromine and its compounds, as these are carcinogenic, toxic, and hazardous chemicals.
Recent study on bromate and its carcinogenic effects has propelled the use of substitutes that can eventually replace the use of bromates or minimize its harmful effect on the human body.
Overall, the usage of sodium bromate in the food industry is set to decline in the near future due to the implementation of regulatory sanctions.

Currently, research is being conducted in the usage of bromate salts for the manufacture of hypochlorite and hypochlorate.
These are anticipated to be used in the water disinfectant process industry.
The usage of sodium bromate is still in the research and testing phase.

Sodium Bromate: Market Segmentation
Based on the type of chemical synthesis, the sodium bromate market can be classified into sodium bromate, sodium bromide, and sodium chlorate.
Based on the type of application, the sodium bromate market can be divided into 92%, 99%, and 99.999% pure sodium bromate.
Sodium bromate is used in the manufacture of sulfur and VAT dyes in continuous batch dying process.
Sodium bromate is also used in the printing and dying, consumer goods, and personal care industries.
Sodium bromate is also used as a solvent in precious metal mining such as gold.

Sodium Bromate: Region-wise Outlook
China is the leading manufacturer of sodium bromate across the world owing to the availability of cheap labor, high access to bromine, availability of required expertise, and presence of sufficient manufacturing facilities.
India and other countries in Asia follow China in the manufacture of sodium bromate.

This study by TMR is all-encompassing framework of the dynamics of the market.
Sodium bromate mainly comprises critical assessment of consumers' or customers' journeys, current and emerging avenues, and strategic framework to enable CXOs take effective decisions.

Our key underpinning is the 4-Quadrant Framework EIRS that offers detailed visualization of four elements:

Customer Experience Maps
Insights and Tools based on data-driven research
Actionable Results to meet all the business priorities
Strategic Frameworks to boost the growth journey
The study strives to evaluate the current and future growth prospects, untapped avenues, factors shaping their revenue potential, and demand and consumption patterns in the global market by breaking it into region-wise assessment.

The following regional segments are covered comprehensively:

North America
Asia Pacific
Europe
Latin America
The Middle East and Africa
The EIRS quadrant framework in the report sums up our wide spectrum of data-driven research and advisory for CXOs to help them make better decisions for their businesses and stay as leaders.

Below is a snapshot of these quadrants.

1. Customer Experience Map
The study offers an in-depth assessment of various customers’ journeys pertinent to the market and its segments.
Sodium bromate offers various customer impressions about the products and service use.
The analysis takes a closer look at their pain points and fears across various customer touchpoints.
The consultation and business intelligence solutions will help interested stakeholders, including CXOs, define customer experience maps tailored to their needs.
This will help them aim at boosting customer engagement with their brands.

2. Insights and Tools

The various insights in the study are based on elaborate cycles of primary and secondary research the analysts engage with during the course of research.
The analysts and expert advisors at TMR adopt industry-wide, quantitative customer insights tools and market projection methodologies to arrive at results, which makes them reliable.
The study not just offers estimations and projections, but also an uncluttered evaluation of these figures on the market dynamics.
These insights merge data-driven research framework with qualitative consultations for business owners, CXOs, policy makers, and investors.
The insights will also help their customers overcome their fears.

3. Actionable Results

The findings presented in this study by TMR are an indispensable guide for meeting all business priorities, including mission-critical ones.
The results when implemented have shown tangible benefits to business stakeholders and industry entities to boost their performance.
The results are tailored to fit the individual strategic framework.
The study also illustrates some of the recent case studies on solving various problems by companies they faced in their consolidation journey.

4. Strategic Frameworks

The study equips businesses and anyone interested in the market to frame broad strategic frameworks.
This has become more important than ever, given the current uncertainty due to COVID-19.
The study deliberates on consultations to overcome various such past disruptions and foresees new ones to boost the preparedness.
The frameworks help businesses plan their strategic alignments for recovery from such disruptive trends.
Further, analysts at TMR helps you break down the complex scenario and bring resiliency in uncertain times.

We offer high quality range of concentrated bromate solution which is manufactured as per the international quality standard.
These concentrated bromate solution are formulated using high grade raw material using advanced technology.
With the assistance of our experts and engineers, we are able to keep pace with the international trend of the market.
Our range of bromates compounds includes Sodium Bromate and Potassium Bromate.

Sodium Bromate is known as Neutralizer K-938, Sodium bromate(DOT), Bromic acid, Dyetone, Neutralizer K-126, Neutralizer K-140, sodium salt, Sodium bromate (NaBrO3)and has Molecular Formula of BrNaO3 and Molecular Weight of 150.891969.
Sodium bromate is manufactured through passing bromine into solution of sodium bromide, sodium carbonate and sodium bromate in form of colorless cubic crystals in odorless from.

Sodium bromates properties include Melting Point of 381°C, Density/Specific Gravity of 3.34 g/cu cm and solubility of g/100 g water in 27.5 at 0°C.
Further, Sodium bromate has Spectral Properties Index of refraction of 1.594.

Sodium bromate combined with Mg(HSO4)2, iodosobenzene supported on dry clays, or alumina-supported phenyliodine(III) diacetate are especially recommended reagents for an efficient solvent-free oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.

Sodium Bromate and Potassium Bromate are inorganic salts of bromic acid.
Both of these salts are colorless and odorless crystals.
Sodium Bromate can be used in cosmetics and personal care products, sodium bromide and potassium bromide hair straighteners and permanent wave products.
Sodium bromate, an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaBrO3, is the sodium salt of bromic acid.
Sodium Bromate is a strong oxidant.

Usage areas

When sodium bromate is used with sodium bromide, it is mainly used for continuous or batch dyeing in gold mines as a haircut, chemical or gold solvent containing sulfur or feather dyes.
Sodium bromate, an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaBrO3, is the sodium salt of bromic acid.
Sodium Bromate is a strong oxidant.
When sodium bromate is used with sodium bromide, it is mainly used for continuous or batch dyeing in gold mines as a haircut, chemical or gold solvent containing sulfur or feather dyes.
Sodium bromate is produced by passing bromine into sodium carbonate solution.
Sodium Bromate can also be produced by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide.
Alternatively, bromine can be formed by oxidation with chlorine to sodium hydroxide at 80 °C.
Sodium bromide is usually available in many volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanoparticle forms may be considered.

Imides are converted to N-bromoimides upon treatment with sodium hypobromite <61BSF2360>, sodium bromate <93BCJ2426>, sodium bromite <85BCJ769>, bromine chloride <76S736>, or bromine under basic conditions <50JCS747, 86JOC4959>.
Imides can also be converted to N-bromoimides via electrolysis using aqueous sodium bromide solutions (Equation (10)).
This process is especially practical considering that for every bromine atom that is discharged, one molecule of bromoimide is formed.

Waving lotions contain thioglycolic acids and ammonia sulfides, and neutralizer solutions contain hydrogen peroxide, sodium bromate, or perborate in mildly acidic solutions. Some permanent wave fixatives contain 2–8% (weight/volume) mercuric chloride.

Sodium borate decomposes into borate and peroxide and is less toxic than potassium bromate.
From 3 to 6 g and from 15 to 30 g boric acid is potentially fatal to children and adults, respectively.
Cutaneous manifestations include desquamating, erythematous rash commonly over palms, soles, buttocks, and scrotum.
The lesion may progress to exfoliation.
Central nervous system (CNS) effects range from irritability, restlessness, and headache to coma and convulsions in severe cases.
Gastrointestinal symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Acute renal tubular necrosis may lead to renal failure in moderate to severe cases.

Bromate salts are extremely toxic; they are capable of causing deafness and renal failure at doses between 240 and 500 mg kg−1.
Potassium bromate, also used as neutralizer in cold waves, is an extremely toxic compound that produces nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, deafness, acute renal failure, hypotension, CNS depression, and hemolysis.
Both otic symptoms and renal impairment may be permanent.
Primary tubular damage can progress to interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis.

Ruthenium and osmium in solution can be oxidized to ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4) using a strong oxidizing agent, such as sodium chlorate or sodium bromate at 80 °C–90 °C.
The vapor pressures of ruthenium and osmium tetroxide are high, even at room temperature.

Air is drawn through the solution, removing the ruthenium and osmium from solution.
The air containing the ruthenium and osmium is then drawn through a scrubbing column or a smaller vessel (‘trap’) where these metals are reduced by reaction with hydrochloric acid.

This is a potentially dangerous process due to the formation of chlorine oxides, which are explosive.
The equipment is designed to protect employees in case of accidental explosion, and great care is taken to monitor and control the process.

Ruthenium dioxide, a decomposition product of ruthenium tetroxide, results in the formation of ‘Ru blacks’, a glassy deposit of amorphous ruthenium dioxide that can choke and damage the glass exchangers and the reflux condensers.

Sodium Bromate is a white crystalline product and naturally odorless.
Sodium Bromate is commonly used:-
in the textile industry as an auxiliary agent to assist with the printing and dyeing of the materials
in the hairdressing industry as a neutraliser for permanent waves, it can also lighten or fade hair colour.
Sodium Bromate is used more in perms for African Caribbean hair due to having a softer action on the hair rather than Hydrogen Peroxide
within chemical synthesis and analytical reagents used to cause chemical reactions
in pools and spas as a disinfectant
in gold mining as a gold solvent when used with sodium bromide
in photography, prepared with silver bromide

Sodium bromate is commercially available as an inexpensive stable white crystal, and has been extensively used in organic synthesis as an eco-friendly brominating and oxidizing reagent.
Sodium Bromate decomposes at 381 ˚C with liberation of oxygen.
Sodium Bromate can oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes, secondary alcohols to ketones, sulfides to sulfoxides, hydroquinones and polyaromatics to quinones, thiols to disulfides, iodobenzenes to iodoxybenzenes, and ω,ω-diols to dicarboxylic acids or lactones. Under different sets of conditions, the oxidation can result in the formation of esters and carboxylic acids.
Sodium Bromate has been used for oxidative cleavages of alkyl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, and ethylene acetals to the corresponding carbonyl compounds.
The transformations of benzylidene acetals to hydroxy esters with NaBrO3˙Na2S2O4 in EtOAc-H2O biphasic medium are readily accomplished.
Even more interesting is the finding that the reaction of cyclic ethers with sodium bromate in the presence of catalytic amounts of hydrobromic acid gave lactones.
Sodium bromate can also serve as an effective bromohydroxylation reagent for alkenes, alkynes, and allylic alcohols.
Sodium Bromate has also been reported to be a powerful brominating agent for aromatic compounds including phenols, anilines, aromatic ethers, and benzenes.

In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together.

Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol).
When calculating molecular weight of a chemical compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance.
The formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula.

The atomic weights used on this site come from NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We use the most common isotopes.
This is how to calculate molar mass (average molecular weight), which is based on isotropically weighted averages.
This is not the same as molecular mass, which is the mass of a single molecule of well-defined isotopes.
For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass.

Formula weights are especially useful in determining the relative weights of reagents and products in a chemical reaction.
These relative weights computed from the chemical equation are sometimes called equation weights.

If the formula used in calculating molar mass is the molecular formula, the formula weight computed is the molecular weight.
The percentage by weight of any atom or group of atoms in a compound can be computed by dividing the total weight of the atom (or group of atoms) in the formula by the formula weight and multiplying by 100.

Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance.

A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles.
To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert.
The reason is that the molar mass of the substance affects the conversion.
This site explains how to find molar mass.

This product is odorless.
Sodium Bromate NaBr3 makes lightningO at 381 C.

Resolution:
Sodium Bromate NaBrO3 is soluble in water, solution in ethanol.

Relative: 3.34. It is oxidative.
Sodium Bromate can be similar to organic substances, sulfites and oxides.

Sodium Bromate NaBrO3, such as ammonium salt, metal powder, combustible, organic matter, or a mixture with other easily removed substances.
Sodium Bromate can be easy to cause a burn or cause by friction or heating. It tends to deal with sulfuric acid.
Sod Bromate NaBrO3 goes into motion with aluminum, arsenic, copper, carbon, metal sulfide, organic matter, phosphorus, selenium and sulfur.

Sodium Bromate NaBrO3 is used as an activity for inorganic preparation and use of phenols.
Sodium Bromate is also used as an oxidant.

Sodium Bromate NaBrO3 is used as a leave in everyday chemicals.
Sodium Bromate can be used as analytical recreation, oxidant and perming agent, and mixed with sodium bromide as a gold oxidizer.

Sodium Bromate is a high top, white, crystalline solid with the formula NaBr.

NaBr crystallizes similarly to NaCl, NaF, and NaI.
The anhydrite salt crystallizes above 50.7 °C.
The dihydrate salts (NaBr 2H2O) crystallize in the sudene solution of 50.7 °C.

NaBr is obtained by treating NaBr with use bromide.
Sodium Bromate can be used as bromine element feed.
This is when the reaction of the aqueous NaBr solution with chlorine gas occurs:

2 NaBr + CI2 → Br2 + 2NaCl

Sodium Bromate is a frequently used source of the bromide ion and has a wide variety of uses.
Sodium Bromate is the most useful inorganic bromide in the chemical industry.
Sodium Bromate is used as a catalyst in oxidation reactions in the chemical industry, in the field of photography, in veterinary medicine, in animal tranquilizers.

Sodium Bromate is also used in the preparation of dense fluids used in oil wells.
Sodium Bromate is used together with chlorine as a disinfectant in water-filled places such as hot tubs and swimming pools.
Sodium Bromate used to be a great need in photography, but now it is not very preferred, the light sensitive salt is prepared using silver bromide NaBr.
And it is also used as a sedative like other bromides.
Sodium Bromate is the main consumer of sodium bromide used in the oil and gas drilling industry.
Sodium Bromate is used for its antiseptic properties due to the release of bromine.
Sodium Bromate is used as a reagent in antiseptic, detergent and pharmaceutical preparations.

Sodium and Potassium Bromate are inorganic salts; both are white, odorless crystals.
Potassium Bromate in particular is a strong oxidizing agent that is highly reactive with organic matter.
In cosmetics, Sodium and Potassium Bromate are used as neutralizers for permanent wave formulations.
Both have the possibility of being in contact with various surfaces, including the hands, face, or eyes.
Rats given graded oral doses of Potassium Bromate excreted the compound in a dose-related manner.
The remainder of the compound that was not excreted was partially reduced to the bromide ion.
In an excised guinea pig skin absorption study, 0.12% of the Bromine was absorbed in 30 min.
Bromides, but not Bromates, were detected in the serum of guinea pigs that received skin exposures to hair neutralizers containing 10.17% Sodium Bromate.
The oral LD5o of Potassium Bromate in the rat was 200-400 mglkg, and the oral LD,, was 700 mgkg.
In mice, the oral LD5o was 400 mg/kg.
When administered intraperitoneally, the LD,, in rats was 50-200 mgkg.

Sodium Bromate was judged to be a mild sensitizer to guinea pigs when assayed and evaluated by the Buehler method.
Preliminary range-finding studies, and the negative controls included in a positive control study, indicated that the results observed may have been due to initation and not sensitization.
In vitro chromosomal aberration tests of Potassium Bromate were weakly mutagenic when assayed in S. typhimurium strain TAl00 and positive in TA102 and TA104, but not in TA92, TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA94, and TA98, and when assayed in E. coli WP2try- his- with and without activation.
Potassium 'Bromate caused chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells.
Potassium Bromate was carcinogenic in an oral feeding study in rats.
The number of renal neoplasms developed in a dose-related manner.
The data from this study were used to prepare a risk estimate for users of hair wave neutralizing solutions.
The upper bound estimates of risk ranged from 2.4 X lo-' to 1.2 x lop6.
The results of a two-stage, 26-week carcinogenesis study in rats confirmed that Potassium Bromate was a carcinogen, with both tumor-initiating and tumorpromoting activities.
In a dose-response study of the carcinogenic potential of

Potassium Bromate conducted using rats, a greater incidence of renal neoplasms was observed in rats fed large doses.
Based upon the 104-week dose-response feeding study with Potassium Bromate, a virtually safe dose of 0.95 ppm (38 pg/kg/day) Potassium Bromate was calculated in respect to renal tumors.
Drinking water containing 125,250,500, and 2,000 ppm Potassium Bromate was given to male golden hamsters, a species that rarely develops spontaneous renal neoplasms.
Renal cell tumors, of a type not seen in the controls, developed in the three highest dose groups, but none in the control or low-dose group.
Although the results were not statistically significant, the authors concluded that because of the low spontaneous development of renal cell tumors in this species, Potassium
Bromate appears to have the potential to induce renal tumors in the golden hamster.
Potassium Bromate, when applied to the skin of mice or injected subcutaneously into newborn mice or rats, was noncarcinogenic to the skin, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, uterus, and other major internal organs.

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel reviewed the available safety test data on the toxicity of Potassium and Sodium Bromate.
Potassium Bromate, when ingested by experimental animals, had both tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activities.
However, when Potassium Bromate was applied to the skin of mice or was subcutaneously injected into newborn mice and rats, it was neither a skin or systemic carcinogen, nor tumor promoter.
Both Sodium and Potassium Bromate are highly reactive. Excised animal skinpenetration studies indicated that if absorption did occur, it would be minimal.
In these animal studies, Sodium Bromate was applied to excised guinea pig skin, but the measurement of the amount of Bromate absorbed was determined by measuring total bromide, not Bromate.
If Bromate absorption occurs, the rate of absorption is slow (0.12% in 30 min).
Any chemical reaction that changed the chemical nature of Bromate to bromide would not be detected by the methods used.
In a subsequent study, the investigators used a different assay method, one that detected only Bromates.
Using this new method they found that when Sodium Bromate was applied to the skin of guinea pigs no Bromates were detected in the blood.
Parallel studies show that there was an elevation of bromide in the serum of some animals.

Kurokawa, commented that the dfierence in his reported results for the negative carcinogenic response observed in the skin studies as compared with the positive carcinogenic response he reported when Potassium Bromate was ingested could be attributed to the poor absorption of Potassium Bromate through the skin.
A similar comment was made by the IARC Working Group that reviewed the data from the skin carcinogenicity study.
The Expert Panel reviewed the estimates of carcinogenic risks to humans (2.4x lo-’ to 1.2 x when the carcinogenic data from animal feeding studies and maximized absorption data were used.
These lifetime human risk estimates were in the range considered to be acceptable by the FDA in its constituent food additive policy, which uses an upper level of risk of 1 x However, the
Expert Panel believes that the data, which indicated that Bromates are either not absorbed or, at most, poorly absorbed, combined with the negative carcinogenic response in the animal skin painting studies, are sufficient to question the applicability of extrapolating the positive carcinogenic response reported in animal feeding studies to humans that receive skin exposure from a cosmetic formulation.
This is further supported by the infrequent use and the short exposure times of -5 min that users of permanent wave products have under actual use conditions.
The Expert Panel also requested and received a guinea pig sensitization study.
A study utilizing the Buehler method was conducted and Sodium Bromate was classified as a mild sensitizer.
However, the Panel noted that in the range-finding studies that were conducted to determine the concentration to be tested for sensitization, irritant scores of the same magnitude as that subsequently reported for the sensitization study were observed.
In addition, in the laboratory’s in-house quality control program the alcohol controls used in evaluating a known sensitizer had irritant scores similar to that reported for Sodium Bromate.
The Expert Panel believes that the study data indicate that the hair formulation may be a mild irritant, and probably not a mild sensitizer.
The CIR Expert Panel recognizes that concentration of use data are no longer submitted to the FDA by the cosmetics industry.
Because of this fact, the Expert
Panel can no longer make the conclusion “safe as used,” as was previously done, but must now make a conclusion based on the product and test concentrations used in the report.

IUPAC NAME:
Bromic acid, sodium salt

NaBrO3

Natriumbromat

SODIUM BROMATE

Sodium Bromate

Sodium bromate

Synonyms:

232-160-4
7789-38-0
Bromate de sodium
Bromic acid sodium salt
EF8750000
MFCD00003476
Natriumbromat