SODIUM CHLORIDE

SODIUM CHLORIDE
CAS NO: 7647-14-5
Molecular Formula : NaCl
While salt is frequently used for cooking, it can also be found as an ingredient in foods or cleansing solutions. In medical cases, your doctor or nurse will typically introduce sodium chloride as an injection. Read on to see why and how salt plays an important role in your body.
Sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as salt, is an essential compound our body uses to:
absorb and transport nutrients
maintain blood pressure
maintain the right balance of fluid
transmit nerve signals
contract and relax muscles
Salt is an inorganic compound, meaning it doesn’t come from living matter. It’s made when Na (sodium) and Cl (chloride) come together to form white, crystalline cubes.
Your body needs salt to function, but too little or too much salt can be harmful to your health.

SYNONYMS: sodium chloride; 7647-14-5; Salt; Halite; Table salt; Saline; Rock salt; Common salt; Sodium chloride (NaCl) ; Dendritis; Purex; Sodium chloric; Top flake; Hyposaline; Flexivial; Gingivyl; Iodized salt; Slow Sodium; Sea salt; SS salt; Sodium monochloride; Natriumchlorid; Adsorbanac; Hypersal; Trisodium trichloride; White crystal; NaCl; H.G. blending; Salt (ingredient); Sodium chloride brine, purified; Colyte; sodium;chloride; Sodium chloride (Na4Cl4); Caswell No. 754; Extra Fine 200 Salt; Extra Fine 325 Salt; Arm-A-Vial; CCRIS 982; HSDB 6368; MFCD00003477; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 013905; UNII-451W47IQ8X; Sodium chloride, hypertonic; 10% Sodium Chloride Injection; CHEBI:26710; 451W47IQ8X; NSC-77364; Buffer Solution, TISAB; Sodium chloride, ultra dry; Sodium chloride, extra pure; Sodium chloride solution, 5 M; Natriumchlorid [German]; Isotonic saline; Broncho saline; SODIUM CHLORIDE (37CL); Sodium, Reference Standard Solution; ClNa; Natrum Muriaticum; Sodium chloride, 99+%, ACS reagent; Sodium chloride, 99.5%, for analysis; Sodium chloride, 99.5%, for biochemistry; Sodium chloride, ACS reagent, >=99.0%; Sodium-36 chloride; Sodium chloride, pure, ca. 26% solution in water; EINECS 231-598-3; NSC 77364; Sodium chloride physiological solution, BioUltra, tablet; Sodium chloride (Na36Cl); Sodium chloride [USP:JAN]; Isotonic; Kochsalz; Mafiron; Rocksalt; Titrisol; cloruro sodico; sodium-chloride; Solsel; Dendritic salt; natrii chloridum; Saline Solution; Sea water; Watesal A; Uzushio Biryuu M; chlorure de sodium; Sodium chloride, 99.85%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; Adsorbanac (TN); Brinewate Superfine; Sodium chloride in plastic container; sodium chloride salt; Canners 999; Sodium Chloride ACS; ACMC-20ajon; LS-1700; Sodium chloride 3% in plastic container; Sodium chloride 5% in plastic container; Saline, sodium chloride; Sodium chloride, tablet; Sodium chloride solution; Sodium chloride (8CI); Sodium chloride 0.9% in plastic container; mono-sodium chloride salt; Sodium chloride 0.45% in plastic container; Sodium chloride 23.4% in plastic container; Sodium chloride, isotonic; UNII-VR5Y7PDT5W; Salt (6CI,7CI); VR5Y7PDT5W; Special Salt 100/95; WLN: NA G; EC 231-598-3; 14762-51-7; Sodium chloride 0.9% in sterile plastic container; Sodium chloride, ACS reagent; RNS60 COMPONENT SALINE; Sodium chloride (JP17/USP); Sodium chloride solution, 1 M; Sodium chloride solution, 2 M; Sodium chloride, Optical Grade; Bacteriostatic sodium chloride 0.9% in plastic container; CHEMBL1200574; DTXSID3021271; RNS-60 COMPONENT SALINE; Sodium chloride biochemical grade; Sodium chloride, brine, purified; Sodium chloride solution, 0.1 M; Sodium chloride solution, 0.85%; Sodium chloride solution, isotonic; NSC77364; Sodium chloride, AR, >=99.9%; Sodium chloride, LR, >=99.5%; Sodium chloride, Spectroscopy Grade; Sodium chloride, MANAC Incorporated; Sodium chloride, >=99%, AR grade; Sodium chloride, 99.5%, for HPLC; AKOS024438089; AKOS024457457; 10% Sodium chloride solution in water; DB09153; Sodium Chloride saturated solution 26%; Sodium chloride, technical grade, 95%; Sodium chloride, technical grade, 97%; Sodium chloride, Ph. Eur., USP grade; Sodium chloride, p.a., 99-100.5%; 32343-72-9; B7288; FT-0645114; Q2314; S0572; Z3733; C13563; D02056; 20510-56-9; SODIUMCHLORIDE; CRYSTAL; REAGENT; ACS; SODIUMCHLORIDE; GRANULAR; BIOTECHGRADE; SODIUMCHLORIDE; GRANULAR; TECHNICAL; SODIUMCHLORIDE; GRANULAR; USP; SODIUMCHLORIDE; NON-IODIZED; GRANULAR,FCC; SODIUMCHLORIDE,POWDER,USP; SODIUMCHLORIDE,TECHNICAL(BULK;SODIUMCHLORIDE,USP,EP; halite; salt; NaCl;table salt, SALT, common salt Common salt; rock salt; saline; regular salt; sea salt
Sodium chloride  commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. A second major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
Uses:
In addition to the familiar domestic uses of salt, more dominant applications of the approximately 250 million tonnes per year production (2008 data) include chemicals and de-icing
Sodium chloride is essential to maintain the electrolyte balance of fluids in a person’s body. If levels of electrolytes become too low or too high, a person can become dehydrated or over hydrated, according to U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Sodium chloride has been used to flavor and preserve foods for thousands of years. As a preservative, salt helps to prevent spoilage and helps to keep foods like ready-to-eat meats and cheeses safe to eat. Salt is also used in fermenting processes for foods like sauerkraut, pickles and kefir.

Sodium chloride also has many other uses beyond seasoning and preserving foods. Hospitals use an intravenous sodium chloride solution to supply water and salt to patients to alleviate dehydration. Icy sidewalks and roadways are often de-iced by rock salt, the same type of salt that is used on your dinner table, before it is ground down to finer crystals. Large quantities of sodium chloride are also used in industrial manufacturing settings to help make a range of products, from plastic, paper, rubber and glass, to chlorine, polyester, household bleach, soaps, detergents and dyes.
Chemicals production
Salt is used, directly or indirectly, in the production of many chemicals, which consume most of the world's production
Standard
Sodium chloride has an international standard that is created by ASTM International. The standard is named ASTM E534-13 and is the standard test methods for chemical analysis of sodium chloride. These methods listed provide procedures for analyzing sodium chloride to determine whether it is suitable for its intended use and application.
Miscellaneous industrial uses
Sodium chloride is heavily used, so even relatively minor applications can consume massive quantities. In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids in well drilling. It is used to flocculate and increase the density of the drilling fluid to overcome high downwell gas pressures. Whenever a drill hits a salt formation, salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution in order to minimize the dissolution within the salt stratum. Salt is also used to increase the curing of concrete in cemented casings.

In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants, to promote "salting out" of dyestuff precipitates, and to blend with concentrated dyes to standardize[clarification needed] them. One of its main roles is to provide the positive ion charge to promote the absorption of negatively charged ions of dyes.

It is also used in processing aluminium, beryllium, copper, steel and vanadium. In the pulp and paper industry, salt is used to bleach wood pulp. It also is used to make sodium chlorate, which is added along with sulfuric acid and water to manufacture chlorine dioxide, an excellent oxygen-based bleaching chemical. The chlorine dioxide process, which originated in Germany after World War I, is becoming more popular because of environmental pressures to reduce or eliminate chlorinated bleaching compounds. In tanning and leather treatment, salt is added to animal hides to inhibit microbial activity on the underside of the hides and to attract moisture back into the hides.

In rubber manufacture, salt is used to make buna, neoprene and white rubber types. Salt brine and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate an emulsified latex made from chlorinated butadiene.

Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to the foundation on which highways are built. The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load.

Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure, keeping it from reproducing, a major source of food spoilage. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest.

Water softening
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interfere with action of soap and contribute to the buildup of a scale or film of alkaline mineral deposits in household and industrial equipment and pipes. Commercial and residential water-softening units use ion-exchange resins to remove the offending ions that cause the hardness. These resins are generated and regenerated using sodium chloride
Road salt:
The second major application of salt is for de-icing and anti-icing of roads, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles. In anticipation of snowfall, roads are optimally "anti-iced" with brine (concentrated solution of salt in water), which prevents bonding between the snow-ice and the road surface. This procedure obviates the heavy use of salt after the snowfall. For de-icing, mixtures of brine and salt are used, sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below −10 °C (14 °F).
Salt for de-icing in the United Kingdom predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire. Prior to distribution it is mixed with <100 ppm of sodium ferrocyanide as an anti-caking agent, which enables rock salt to flow freely out of the gritting vehicles despite being stockpiled prior to use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt. Other additives had been used in road salt to reduce the total costs. For example, in the US, a byproduct carbohydrate solution from sugar-beet processing was mixed with rock salt and adhered to road surfaces about 40% better than loose rock salt alone. Because it stayed on the road longer, the treatment did not have to be repeated several times, saving time and money.[9]

In the technical terms of physical chemistry, the minimum freezing point of a water-salt mixture is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt. Freezing near this concentration is however so slow that the eutectic point of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) can be reached with about 25 wt% of salt.
Chemistry:
In solid sodium chloride, each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge as expected on electrostatic grounds. The surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron. In the language of close-packing, the larger chloride ions are arranged in a cubic array whereas the smaller sodium ions fill all the cubic gaps (octahedral voids) between them. This same basic structure is found in many other compounds and is commonly known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure. It can be represented as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with a two-atom basis or as two interpenetrating face centered cubic lattices. The first atom is located at each lattice point, and the second atom is located halfway between lattice points along the fcc unit cell edge.

Solid sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C. Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at 8 K (−265.15 °C; −445.27 °F) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 °C; 106 °F). It also decreases with doping.

Atomic-resolution real-time video imaging allows visualization of the initial stage of crystal nucleation of sodium chloride.

How can you use sodium chloride?
The most common use for salt is in food. Its uses include:

food seasoning
acting as a natural preservative
enhancing the natural colors of foods
curing, or preserving, meats
creating a brine for marinating foods
There’s also a wide variety of household uses, such as:

cleaning pots and pans
preventing mold
removing stains and grease
salting roads in the winter to prevent ice

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is a solution made from reacting chlorine with a sodium hydroxide solution. These two reactants are the major co-products from most chlor-alkali cells. Sodium  Chloride has a variety of uses and is an excellent disinfectant/antimicrobial agent. The Institute has developed a manual for sodium Chloride users and a safety video for users and handlers of the chemical. These products can be ordered on this website in the CI Bookstore.
Sodium Chloride is generally available as a white powder, pellets, or flat plates. It decomposes readily in water or when heated,releasing oxygen and chlorine. It has a strong chlorine odor, but odor may not provide an adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. Sodium Chloride is not flammable, but it acts as an oxidizer with combustible material and may react explosively with ammonia, amines, or organic sulfides. Sodium Chloride should be stored in a dry, well ventilated area at a temperature below 120 °F (50°C) separated from acids, ammonia, amines,and other chlorinating or oxidizing agents. Sodium Chloride is generally sold in aqueous solutions containing 5 to 15% Sodium Chloride, with 0.25 to 0.35% free alkali (usually NaOH) and 0.5 to 1.5% NaCl. Solutions of up to 40% sodium hypochlorite are available, but solid sodium Chloride is not commercially used. Sodium Chloride solutions are a clear, greenish yellow liquid with an odor of chlorine. Odor may not provide an adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. Sodium Chloride solutions can liberate dangerous amounts of chlorine or chloramine if mixed with acids or ammonia. Anhydrous sodium Chloride is very explosive. Chloride solutions should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 20 °C away from acids in well-fitted air-tight bottles away from sunlight.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CHLORINE: Chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor. Chlorine belongs to the halogen family of elements, found in group VIIa of the periodic table. Chlorine is produced mostly by electrolysis of brine; some is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of sodium metal by the electrolysis of sodium chloride either molten or in solution. Chlorine is soluble in water. Its aqueous solution ( called chlorine water) consists of a mixture of chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid; only a part of the chlorine introduced actually goes into solution, the major part reacting chemically with the water. Chlorine water has strong oxidizing properties resulting from the oxygen set free when the unstable hypochlorous acid decomposes. Chlorine combines directly with almost all the elements except the rare gases, excluding xenon, and nitrogen. Besides the -1 oxidation state of the chlorides, chlorine also exhibits oxidation state respectively : +1 (hypochlorite, ClO- ), +3 (chlorite, ClO-2), +5 (chlorate, ClO-3 ) and +7 (perchlorate, ClO-4). Very reactive and unstable four oxide compounds have been indirectly synthesized; chlorine monoxide (Cl2O), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6), and dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7). Uncombined chlorine does not occur in nature due to its activity, but its compounds are numerous. Chlorine can displace the heavier halogens, bromine and iodine, from their ionic compounds and undergoes addition or substitution reactions with organic compounds. Chlorine is used in water purification; as a disinfectant and as an antiseptic (mercuric chloride). Chlorine is a general biocide substance killing germs, micro-organisms, algae, etc. The most widely used chloride chemical disinfectants are chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide and chloramine.

Chloramine is an ammonium containing chlorine disinfectant. Monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine are in equilibrium when produced by the chemical chloramination of ammonia. Monochloramine is the only effective ammonia-chloramine disinfectant. Dichloramine (NHCl2) and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) are too unstable to be useful and highly malodorous. Production conditions are practically employed for the production of monochloramine by lowering the pH and adjusting the molar ratios of the reactants. Chloramine is a toxic yellow liquid at room temperature. Due to high CT values, chloramine is a poor primary disinfectant but is an attractive secondary disinfectant for the maintenance of a stable distribution system residual and eliminating the formation of chlorination by-products. Chloramine is one of the most widely used chemical disinfectants in drinking water system. Chloramine-B and Chloramine-T are antiseptic agents derived from combining chloramine and benzenesulfonamide (or p-toluenesulfonamide) repectively. Sulfonamide molecular structure is similar to p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is needed in bacteria organisms as a substrate of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). Sulfonamides are capable of interfering with the metabolic processes in bacteria that require PABA. They act as antimicrobial agents by inhibiting bacterial growth and activity. Chloramine B and Chloramine B are used as an oxidizing agent, an antiseptic, a germicide as well as a chlorinating agent in organic synthesis. Its ions resulting from dissolving in water involve in interfering with micro-organisms' cell process by oxidations of proteins or enzyms.

Hypochlorite is an alternative choline source when chlorine gas is impractical. The commercially available liquid hypochlorite form is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) which is used as the disinfectant in hospitals. But this is highly caustic, ethanol class disinfection has replaced. Sodium hypochlorite have also been used extensively in the disinfection of drinking-water. Hypochlorite anion,ClO-, changes the oxidation-reduction potential of the cell, and resulting in the inactivations of the micro-organism's function. Chlorine is used to bleach fabrics, woodpulp and paper, to clean dairy equipment, to control biofouling in cooling systems, to shrink-proof wool, and to detin and dezinc iron. Chlorine are used directly or as an intermediate for the synthesis of many organic chemicals; pesticides, antifreeze, refrigerants, antiknock compounds, synthetic rubber and plastics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene dichloride hypochlorous acid, chlorobenzene, chlorinated lime, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene and propylene oxides, glycols, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroform, vinylidene chloride, polychloroproprene, hydrogen chloride, metal chlorides, chloracetic acid, chloral, synthetic glycerine, methyl chlorides, chlorinated benzenes, tetraethyl lead, fluorine compounds, titanium tetrachloride, monochloroacetic acid, phosgene, chloroisocyanuric acid, phosphorus chloride dichlorobutene, and chlorinated paraffins.
IUPAC names:
Cloruro de sodio
common salt
Halite
Halite , Common salt , Iodized salt
NaCl
Natriumchlorid
Reaction mass of potassium chloride and sodium chloride
Reaction mass of sodium and chlorine
Sirsal
sodio cloruro
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride
sodium chloride
Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride
sodium chloride
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
sodium chloride, table salt, common salt
dossier
Sodium Chloride, USP
sodium;chloride
Sodiumchloride

Other names:
Salt
Other identifiers:
11062-32-1
Deleted CAS number
11062-43-4
CAS number
7647-14-5