SUCCINIC ACID

SUCCINIC ACID

CAS No. : 110-15-6
EC No. : 203-740-4

Synonyms:
Butanedioic Acid; Ammonium succinate; Acidum succinicum; Ethylene succinic acid; Butane diacid; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; Spirit of amber; amber acid; SUCCINIC ACID; succınıc acıd; Succınıc Acıd; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Succınıc acıd; SUCCİNİC ACİD; succinic acid; Succinic Acid; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Süksinik asit; süksinik asit; Süksinik Asit; SUKSİNİK ASİT; Suksinik asit; suksinik asit; Suksinik Asit; SÜKSINIK ASIT; Süksınık asıt; süksınık asıt; Süksınık Asıt; SUKSINIK ASIT; Suksınık asıt; suksınık asıt; Suksınık Asıt; Butanedioic acid; butanedioic acid; BUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Butanedioic Acid; bUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Succinic semialdehyde; dicarboxylic acid C4; ethylenesuccinic acid; succinic acid; butanedioic acid; 110-15-6; Asuccin; Amber acid; Dihydrofumaric acid; Katasuccin; ethylenesuccinic acid; Wormwood acid; succinate; Bernsteinsaure; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid; 1,4-Butanedioic acid; Wormwood; Butanedionic acid; Butandisaeure; Acidum succinicum; Kyselina jantarova; Butane diacid; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; Spirit of amber; Bernsteinsaure [German]; Kyselina jantarova [Czech]; Ammonium succinate; HSDB 791; UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L; MFCD00002789; succ; NSC 106449; C4H6O4; AI3-06297; Succinic acid, 99%; EINECS 203-740-4; AB6MNQ6J6L; BRN 1754069; E363; CHEBI:15741; C4-beta-polymorph; NSC25949; Succinicum acidum; NCGC00159372-02; NCGC00159372-04; SUCCİNİC ACİD; succinic acid; 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic Acid; 1,4 Butanedioic Acid; 1,4-Butanedioic Acid; Ammonium Succinate; Butanedioic Acid; Potassium Succinate; Succinate; Succinate, Ammonium; Succinate, Potassium; Succinic Acid; succinic acid; butanedioic acid;110-15-6; Amber acid; Asuccin; Dihydrofumaric acid; Bernsteinsaure; Katasuccin; Wormwood acid; succinate; ethylenesuccinic acid; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Wormwood; 1,4-Butanedioic acid; Butanedionic acid; Butandisaeure; Acidum succinicum; Kyselina jantarova; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; Spirit of amber; Succinicum acidum; Bernsteinsaure [German]; Succinellite; Kyselina jantarova [Czech]; acide succinique; Butane diacid; Sal succini; Acid of amber ;Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Ethylene succinic acid; succ; Bernsteinsaeure; Ammonium succinate; HSDB 791; UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L; Succinicun acidum; succinate, 9; acide butanedioique; NSC 106449; C4H6O4; AI3-06297; Succinic acid, 99%; Succinic acid (8CI); Butanedioic acid (9CI); EINECS 203-740-4; AB6MNQ6J6L; SUCCINIC ACID, ACS; BRN 1754069; E363; Butanedioic acid diammonium salt; CHEBI:15741; KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N;NSC25949; Amber acid, Butanedioic acid, Ethylenesuccinic acid; MFCD00002789; NCGC00159372-02; NCGC00159372-04; ethylenedicarboxylic acid; DSSTox_CID_3602; WLN: QV2VQ; Acid of amber; acidum succinicum; ACS, 99.0%; amber acid; asuccin; Bernsteinsaeure; Bernsteinsaure; Butandisaeure; BUTANE DIACID; BUTANEDIOICACID; Dihydrofumaric acid; Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; Ethylene succinic acid; FMR; fum; Fumaric acid [Wiki]; Katasuccin; Kyselina jantarova; Kyselina jantarova [Czech]; MAE; Maleic acid [Wiki]; MFCD00002789 [MDL number]; NCGC00159372-02; NCGC00159372-03; Sal succini; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Salt of amber; ST5213944; Succinellite; Succinic Acid (SA); succinic acid 99%; succinic acid certified 500g; succinic acid(free acid); succinic acid, ??? 99.0%; succinic acid, 99%; succinic acid, 99+%; succinic acid, acs, 99.0% min; succinic acid, crystal, reagent, acs; succinic acid, reagent (acs); succinic acid, ultrapure; SUCCINIC ACID|BUTANEDIOIC ACID; UNII:AB6MNQ6J6L; UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L; Wormwood acid; Succinic acid, ACS reagent; DSSTox_RID_77102; A 12084; DSSTox_GSID_23602; SIN; succinicacid; sodium succinate (anhydrous); CAS-110-15-6; Succinic acid [NF]; Dihydrofumarate; Succinicate; Salt of amber; 1cze; Nat.Succinic Acid; 1,4-Butanedioate; Succinic acid, 6; Succinic acid, FCC; Succinic Acide,(S); Succinic Acid (SA); Succinic acid, natural; 4lh2; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate; Substrate analogue, 11; AC1L1AQW; 6283-68-7; bmse000183; bmse000968; CHEMBL576; Succinic Acid; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Süksinik asit; süksinik asit; Süksinik Asit; SUKSİNİK ASİT; Succinellite; ethylenedicarboxylic acid; acide succinique; Sal succini; Acid of amber; DSSTox_CID_3602; WLN: QV2VQ; Succinic acid, ACS reagent; DSSTox_RID_77102; DSSTox_GSID_23602; SIN; Ethylene succinic acid;Ethanedicarboxylic acid; succinicacid; Bernsteinsaeure; sodium succinate (anhydrous); succinate, 9; acide butanedioique; CAS-110-15-6; Succinic acid [NF]; Succinic acid (8CI); Butanedioic acid (9CI); Dihydrofumarate; Succinicate; succinic-acid; Butanedioic acid diammonium salt; Salt of amber; 1cze; Nat.Succinic Acid; 1,4-Butanedioate; Succinic acid, 6; Succinic acid, FCC;SUCCINIC ACID; succınıc acıd; Succınıc Acıd; Succınıc acıd; SUCCİNİC ACİD; succinic acid; Succinic Acid; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Süksinik asit; süksinik asit; Süksinik Asit; SUKSİNİK ASİT; Suksinik asit; suksinik asit; Suksinik Asit; SÜKSINIK ASIT; Süksınık asıt; süksınık asıt; Süksınık Asıt; SUKSINIK ASIT; Suksınık asıt; suksınık asıt; Suksınık Asıt; Butanedioic acid; butanedioic acid; BUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Butanedioic Acid; bUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Succinic semialdehyde; dicarboxylic acid C4; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; ethylenesuccinic acid; succinic acid; butanedioic acid; Succinic Acide,(S); Succinic Acid (SA); Succinic acid, natural; 4lh2; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate; Substrate analogue, 11; bmse000183; bmse000968; CHEMBL576; EC 203-740-4; HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH; A 12084; 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC175Q2B; ACMC-20995h; GTPL3637; DTXSID6023602; BDBM26121; CTK0H5820; KS-00000UER; ZINC895030; HY-N0420; STR02803; Tox21_111612; Tox21_201918; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Tox21_303247; ANW-16131; BBL002473; LMFA01170043; NSC-25949; NSC106449; s3791; SBB040562; STK387105; Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG; Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%; AKOS000118899; Tox21_111612_1; CCG-266069; DB00139; LS40373; MCULE-5889111640; NSC-106449; SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade); NCGC00159372-03; NCGC00159372-05; NCGC00159372-06; NCGC00257092-01; NCGC00259467-01; Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%; AK111253; BP-21128; I847; SC-47173; 98-EP2269610A2; 98-EP2269983A1; ACID SUCCINIC; acıd succınıc; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Acıd Succınıc; acıd Succınıc; ACİD SUCCİNİC; acid succinic; Acid Succinic; acid Succinic; ASİT SÜKSİNİK; asit Süksinik; asit süksinik; Asit Süksinik; ASİT SUKSİNİK; asit Suksinik; asit suksinik; Asit Suksinik; ASIT SÜKSINIK; asıt Süksınık; asıt süksınık; Asıt Süksınık; ASIT SUKSINIK; asıt Suksınık; asıt suksınık; Asıt Suksınık; Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%; CS-0008946; FT-0652509; FT-0773657; N1941; NS00002272; S0100; ST50213944; Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%; Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%; T7308; SUCCINIC ACID HIGH PURITY GRADE 2.5KG; Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T); Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%; 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID); A14596; C00042; Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; 47632-EP2281817A1; 47632-EP2311811A1; AB01332192-02; 196539-EP2270007A1; Q213050; SR-01000944556; J-002386; SR-01000944556-2; Z57127453; F2191-0239; 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0; Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R); Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T); Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.5% (T), Ultra pure; Süksinik Asit; Süksünük Asit; Succinic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.0%; Succinic acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture; Succinic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic Acid; 1,4 Butanedioic Acid; 1,4-Butanedioic Acid; Ammonium Succinate; Butanedioic Acid; Potassium Succinate; Succinate; Succinate, Ammonium; Succinate, Potassium; Succinic Acid; 1D NMR Spectrum 1219 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); 1D NMR Spectrum 1285 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); 1D NMR Spectrum 2141 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); 1D NMR Spectrum 2829 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); 1D NMR Spectrum 4850 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); EI-MS Spectrum 1081 - Succinic acid (HMDB0000254); Succinic acid-2,2,3,3-d4; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid;    1,4-Butanedioic acid; 110-15-6 [RN]; 203-740-4 [EINECS]; 4-02-00-01908 [Beilstein]; Acide butanedioique [French]; Acide succinique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Acido succinico [Italian]; ácido succínico [Spanish]; Ácido succínico [Portuguese]; acidum succinicum [Latin]; Bernsteinsaeure [German]; Bernsteinsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Butanedioic acid [ACD/Index Name]; HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH [Formula]; Kyselina jantarova [Czech]; MFCD00002789 [MDL number]; QV2VQ [WLN]; Succinic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]; Succinic acid; Ηλεκτρικό οξύ [Modern Greek (1453-)]; Янтарная кислота [Russian]; コハク酸 [Japanese]; 琥珀酸 [Chinese]; 14493-42-6 [RN]; 152556-05-3 [RN]; 21668-90-6 [RN]; 61128-08-3 [RN]; acidum succinicum; amber acid; asuccin; Bernsteinsaeure; Bernsteinsaure; Butandisaeure; BUTANE DIACID; BUTANEDIOICACID; CpeE protein; DB00139; Dihydrofumaric acid; Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; Ethylene succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; FMR; fum; Fumaric acid [Wiki]; Katasuccin; Kyselina jantarova; MAE; Maleic acid [Wiki]; Sal succini; STR02803; Succinellite; Succinic acid 100 µg/mL in Acetonitrile; succinic acid(free acid); succunic acide; Wormwood acid; kehribar; kehribar taşı; Kehribar; Kehribar Taşı; kehlibar asidi; kehribar asidi; malik asit, monooksi süksinik asit; süksinik anhidrit; oksibenzoik asit, salisilik asit; 2-aminoetanesulfonik asit; abieninik asit; abiyetik asit; adenilik asit; alfa amino propiyonik asit; amber; anber; Amber; Anber; suksinik asit; süskünük asit; süskonik; asit; süskonik; süskünik; succinic; succınıc; acid; acıd; kehribar taşı asidi; kehribar taşı asit; acide succinique; SUCCINIC ACID; succınıc acıd; Succınıc Acıd; Succınıc acıd; SUCCİNİC ACİD; succinic acid; Succinic Acid; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Süksinik asit; süksinik asit; Süksinik Asit; SUKSİNİK ASİT; Suksinik asit; suksinik asit; Suksinik Asit; SÜKSINIK ASIT; Süksınık asıt; süksınık asıt; Süksınık Asıt; SUKSINIK ASIT; Suksınık asıt; suksınık asıt; Suksınık Asıt; Butanedioic acid; butanedioic acid; BUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Butanedioic Acid; bUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Succinic semialdehyd; acide butane; Acide butanedioïque; l'acide butane-1,4-dioïque; Succinic acid; SUCCINIC ACID; succinic acid; suksinik wen; butanedioic acid; 203-740-4; FDA UNII:AB6MNQ6J6L; Nikkaji Web:J2.879G; Beilstein Number:1754069; MDL:MFCD00002789; CoE Number: 24; XlogP3:-0.60 (est); Molecular Weight:118.08862000; Formula:C4 H6 O4; acidum succinicum; amber acid; asuccin; bernsteinsaure; butane dioic acid; 1,4-butane dioic acid; butane dionic acid; butanedioic acid; 1,4-butanedioic acid; dihydrofumaric acid; Amber Acid; 1,2-ethane dicarboxylic acid; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; ethylene dicarboxylic acid; ethylene succinic acid; katasuccin; spirit of amber; bio-succinic acid; succinic acid FCC; succinic acid N.F. grade; succinic acid natural; succinic acid synthetic; succinic acid technical grade; succinicacid; wormwood acid; Succinic Acid 99%; HO2CCH2CH2CO2H; 118.09; MFCD00002789; Butanedioic acid; Succinic acid, 99%; InChI=1S/C10H18O4/c1-7(2)13-9(11)5-6-10(12)14-8(3)4/h7-8H,5-6H2,1-4H3; YPLYFEUBZLLLIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N; 924-88-9; Succinic acid diisopropyl ester; 202.2475; Succinate; Succinic acid; Butanedionic acid; Ethylenesuccinic acid; CAS: 110-15-6; PubChem:3344; ChEBI:15741; ChEMBL:CHEMBL576; Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide; succinic acid; ChEBI ID; CHEBI:15741; InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8); InChIKey; KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N; SMILES OC(=O)CCC(O)=O; 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; ChemIDplus; acide butanedioïque Français ChEBI; acid succinique Français; ChEBI; acidum succinicum LINGUA LATINA; ChemIDplus;amber acid; NIST Chemistry WebBook; asuccin; NIST Chemistry WebBook; BernsteinsäureDeutsch; chEBI; Butandisäure Deutsch ChemIDplus; Butanedionic acid; KEGG COMPOUND; Dihydrofumaric acid HMDB; E363; ChEBI; Ethylenesuccinic acid; KEGGCOMPOUND; HOOC?CH2?CH2?COOHIUPAC; spirit of amber; ChEBI; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; SUCCINIC ACID; succınıc acıd; Succınıc Acıd; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Succınıc acıd; SUCCİNİC ACİD; succinic acid; Succinic Acid; Succinic acid; SÜKSİNİK ASİT; Süksinik asit; süksinik asit; Süksinik Asit; SUKSİNİK ASİT; Suksinik asit; suksinik asit; Suksinik Asit; SÜKSINIK ASIT; Süksınık asıt; süksınık asıt; Süksınık Asıt; SUKSINIK ASIT; Suksınık asıt; suksınık asıt; Suksınık Asıt; Butanedioic acid; butanedioic acid; BUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Butanedioic Acid; bUTANEDİOİC ACİD; Succinic semialdehyde
 

SUCCINIC ACID

Therapeutic Uses of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (100 mM) significantly inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 /a potent mast cell degranulator/ in mice and dose-dependently inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. Further 10 and 100 mM significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. In addition Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (0.1 and 1 mM) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells. The level of cyclic AMP in rat peritoneal mast cells, when Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (100 mM) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4 times compared with that of basal cells. These results suggest a possible use of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in managing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis.

Mechanism of Action of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinate is an essential component of the Krebs or citric acid cycle and serves an electron donor in the production of fumaric acid and FADH2. It also has been shown to be a good "natural" antibiotic because of its relative acidic or caustic nature (high concentrations can even cause burns). Succinate supplements have been shown to help reduce the effects of hangovers by activating the degradation of acetaldehyde - a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism - into CO2 and H2O through aerobic metabolism. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been shown to stimulate neural system recovery and bolster the immune system. Claims have also been made that it boosts awareness, concentration and reflexes.

Metabolite Description
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), also known as butanedionic acid or succinate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been found throughout most human tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, sweat, and blood. Within the cell, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is primarily located in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome and cytoplasm. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be biosynthesized from Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) semialdehyde; which is mediated by the enzyme succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. Furthermore, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be converted into fumaric acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Finally, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be biosynthesized from acetoacetic acid and succinyl-CoA through the action of the enzyme succinyl-coa:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial. In humans, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is involved in the oncogenic action OF 2-hydroxyglutarate pathway, the citric Acid cycle pathway, the phytanic Acid peroxisomal oxidation pathway, and the ketone body metabolism pathway. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy (hoga) pathway, the isovaleric aciduria pathway, the 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III pathway, and the hyperprolinemia type II pathway. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is an odorless and sour tasting compound that can be found in a number of food items such as onion-family vegetables, dock, common walnut, and tarragon. This makes Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a potentially toxic compound. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been found to be associated with several diseases known as lung cancer, lipoyltransferase 1 deficiency, canavan disease, and alzheimer's disease; Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
 
Uses of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) range from scientific applications such as radiation dosimetry and standard buffer solutions to applications in agriculture, food, medicine, plastics, cosmetics, textiles, plating, and waste-gas scrubbing. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as starting material in the manufacture of alkyd resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Reaction with glycols gives polyesters; esters formed by reaction with monoalcohols are important plasticizers and lubricants.
Hydrogenation of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, or fumaric acid produces good yields of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd).
1,4-Butanediol can be oxidized to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in several ways: (1) with O2 in an aqueous solution of an alkaline-earth hydroxide at 90-110 °C in the presence of Pd-C; (2) by ozonolysis in aqueous acetic acid; or (3) by reaction with N2O4 at low temperature.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can ... be obtained by phase-transfer-catalyzed reaction of 2-haloacetates, electrolytic dimerization of bromoacetic acid or ester, oxidation of 3-cyanopropanal, and fermentation of n-alkanes.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is derived from fermentation of ammonium tartrate.

Analytic Laboratory Methods of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Method: AOAC Method 970.31; Procedure: gas chromatographic method; Analyte: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd); Matrix: eggs; Detection Level: not provided.
Method: AOAC 948.14; Procedure: ether extraction method; Analyte: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd); Matrix: eggs; Detection Level: not provided.
 
Incineration: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) should be combined with paper or other flammable material. An alternate procedure is to dissolve it in a flammable solvent and spray the solutions into the fire chamber.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is slight skin irritant and a strong eye irritant in rats. Application of 750 ug of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) as a 15% solution produced severe damage in rabbit eyes. The clinical signs of acute toxicity in rats are weakness and diarrhea.
Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Administration of 500 mg/100 g/day for 20 days to rats 60 days post-operative after induction of bladder stone formation. Stone formation in 36% of animals treated with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), 60% in controls.

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s production and use in the manufacture of lacquers, dyes, esters for perfumes, in photography, and in foods as a sequestrant, buffer and neutralizing agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues as it is a normal intermediary metabolite, being a component of the Kreb's Cycle. If released into the atmosphere, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to exist in both the particulate and vapor phases in the ambient atmosphere based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 6 days. Particulate-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) will be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, an estimated Koc of 11 indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Volatilization from dry and wet soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on this compound's extrapolated vapor pressure and an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C, respectively. Biodegradation of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in both soil and water is expected to be an important fate process based on a theoretical BOD of 78% measured using the MITI test. If released into water, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in the water column based on its estimated Koc. The potential for bioconcentration of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in aquatic organisms is low based on an estimated BCF of 3. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be important based on pKas of 4.16 and 5.6 (anions do not volatilize) and the estimated Henry's Law constant of the free acid.Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). (SRC)

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed in distillate from amber and occurs in fossils, fungi, lichens etc(1). It is a constituent of almost all plant and animal tissues and has also been found in meteorites(2).
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle /Kreb's Cycle/.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s production and use in the manufacture of lacquers, dyes, esters for perfumes, in photography(1) and in foods as a sequestrant, buffer and neutralizing agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Environmental Fate of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.32X10+4 mg/L(5). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). The anion form, which is the dominant form in the environment (pKa 4.16 and 5.6), will also not volatilize(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed to biodegrade in soil at rates ranging from 52 to 89% in 7 days to 71 to 95% in 84 days at an initial concn of 1000 ppm(6), suggesting biodegration may be an important environmental fate process in soil.
 
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.32X1+4 mg/L(5). One of the pKa values of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is 4.21(6), indicating that this compound will exist in the dissociated form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediment than their neutral counterparts(7), and will not volatilize. According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at 100 mg/L, reached 78% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(10), suggesting biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), which has a vapor pressure of 1.91X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Environmental Biodegradation of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
AEROBIC: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been observed to biodegrade in soil at rates ranging from 52 to 89% in 7 days to 71 to 95% in 84 days at an initial concn of 1000 ppm(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) reached 35% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(2). In a Warburg test using a sewage seed, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) reached 67.5% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days(3). In a Warburg test using an activated sludge inoculum, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (concentration of 500 ppm) reached 11.2%, 27.2%, and 42.4% of its theoretical BOD in 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively(4). In a Warburg test using an activated sludge inoculum acclimated to phenol, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 500 ppm, reached 57% of its theoretical BOD after 12 hours(5). In screening tests, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 5 ppm, reached 73.9% and 73.6% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days in water and seawater, respectively(6). In screening tests, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at a concn of 2 and 5 ppm, reached 72.8% and 73.2% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days, respectively in seawater and water, respectively(6). Succinate was observed to degrade in a soil study, based on carbon dioxide evolution, using Pahokee muck at rates ranging from 1.18 to 1.97 14CO2 evolution (14C%/cu cm soil min) in Oct for fallow soil and soil planted with grass, respectively; 0.56 to 0.82 14CO2 evolution (14C%/cu cm soil min) in Jan for fallow soil and soil planted with grass, respectively(7). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), present at 100 mg/L, reached 78% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(8).
ANAEROBIC: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified as being amenable to anaerobic biodegradation(1). After a lag period of 10 days, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was metabolized at a rate of 110 mg/l day by anaerobic bacteria acclimated to acetate culture(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). The rate constant for the reaction of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has been measured as 3.1X10+8 L/mol sec(3).
An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (SRC), using a log Kow of -0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2).
The Koc of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is estimated as 11(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to have very high mobility in soil. One of the pKa values of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is 4.21(4), indicating that this compound will exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).
The Henry's Law constant for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is estimated as 3.6X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.91X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.32X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). The anion form, which is the dominant form in the environment (pKa 4.16 and 5.6(4)), will also not volatilize(SRC). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
RAIN/SNOW: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified in rainwater from Niwot Ridge, CO at an unspecified concn(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in rain and snow samples collected from Southern California at concns ranging from 0.034 to 3.8 uM(2). Rain and snow samples collected from Ithaca, NY and Hubbard Brook, NH between June 1976 and May 1977 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 0.1 umol/94 cm precipitation to 0.1 umol/75 cm precipitation(3). Wet precipitation samples (snow, sleet, rain) collected from Tokyo in 1992 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 1.28 ug/l to 95.5 ug/l(4). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified in treated water at an unspecified concn from an unspecified location(5).
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been identified as a component of pulp mill effluent(1).
 
URBAN/SUBURBAN: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in Los Angeles air samples, collected in June and Oct 1984, at concns ranging from 0.66 to 2.37 nmol/cu m in West Los Angeles and 1.84 to 2.13 nmol/cu m in downtown Los Angeles(1). Dust samples from downtown Los Angeles and a UCLA campus building contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns of 268 and 406 nmol/cu m, respectively(1). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in aerosol samples from urban Tokyo at an average concn of 37 ng/cu m between 1988-89(2). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in airborne aerosols from Schenectady, NY collected during Oct 1991 at concns ranging from 55 to 167 ng/cu m(3). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was detected in atmospheric aerosols collected from Tsukuba, Japan(4). The average ambient annual concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in fine particles collected from West Los Angeles, downtown Los Angeles, Pasadena, Rubidoux, and San Nicolas Island, CA in 1982 was 55.0, 66.5, 51.2, 84.1, and <0.02 ng/cu m, respectively(5). The average concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in airborne aerosols collected from Takasaki and Karuizawa, Japan in July 1986 was 25.0 and 21.0 ng/cu m, respectively(6). The average daytime concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in air samples collected from Takasaki and Karuizawa, Japan in July 1986 was 47.1 and 36.4 ng/cu m, respectively(7). The ambient concn of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in West Los Angeles in Oct. 1982 was 14.1 ng/cu m(8). Aerosol samples collected from Tokyo in Feb and July 1992 contained Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) at concns ranging from 139 to 279 ng/cu m(9).

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was identified as a flavoring constituent of gari, 0.04% and farine, 0.002%(1). Aerosol emission rates of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) from frying hamburger meat was 2.3 mg/kg of meat cooked; emission rates from charbroiling hamburger was 7.6 mg/kg of meat cooked for extra-lean hamburger (approx. 10.0% fat) and 12.0 mg/kg of meat cooked for regular hamburger (approx. 21% fat)(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,198 workers (16,182 of these are female) are potentially exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in the US(1). Occupational exposure to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)(SRC).
 
FDA Food Additive Status of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) - GRAS/FS - Acidified Skim Milk - 131.144; MISC, GRAS, GMP - 184.1091; In animal feeds - 582.1091
 
Metabolism/Metabolites
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle. It is readily metabolized when administered to animals, but may be partly excreted unchanged in the urine if large doses are fed.
 
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) occurs normally in human urine (1.9-8.8 mg/L).

Butanedioic acid (Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)) is a known environmental transformation product of Sulcotrione.

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a known environmental transformation product of Linuron.

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.[5] The name Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. In living organisms, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.[6] Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.[6] As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.

Other names of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
1,4-Butanedioic acid

Physical properties of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.[5] In an aqueous solution, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/). As a diprotic acid, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions:

(CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)- + H+
(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)- → (CH2)2(CO2)22- + H+
The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively. Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2. In living organisms, primarily succinate, not Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), is found.
Commercial production of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)

Historically, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber. Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. Succinate is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.[10] Global production is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.[11]
Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose.
Chemical reactions of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) gives succinic anhydride.[14] Succinate can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran.
Normalization of metabolism, the drug increases the rate of decomposition of many toxic substances, has antioxidant and antihypoxic effect, protects cells from harmful degradation products.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in humans is one of the tools to improve metabolism that leads to the following beneficial effects:
Stimulation of liver and kidneys, effective resistance to toxins;
Improve the heart's energy supply and, as a result, provide the best blood to the tissues;
increase immunity;
additional oxygen and nutrients to the brain.
Modern researchers conclude that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a good tool for cancer prevention. Due to its effect on intracellular energy structures, mitochondria, the drug reduces the growth of the formation of cancer cells. In addition, many scientists think that this substance has repaired damaged cells and thus becomes younger. Older people take medication for 20 days, improves health, normalizes blood pressure and heart, relieves insomnia.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), in pure form, is a white powder with a lemon flavor and well soluble in water. It is produced in tablet form and is part of many drugs in combination with other organic acids or enzymes. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) salts are referred to as succinate.
The use of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in medicine is quite wide. Here are the indications for taking the pure substance in pill.
Combination therapy for external and internal poisoning of various causes.
Comprehensive treatment of infectious diseases.
Reduce the negative impact of drugs on the liver and kidneys with long-term drug use (antibiotics and others).
With these goals, 1 tablet 3 times a day is prescribed to receive after a meal.
The drug is used in other cases.
Increased exercise.
Alcohol intoxication of the body.
Heart failure.
Allergy.
Stimulation of the brain.
Stress causes fatigue or lethargy.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in Sports
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) for athletes has been shown as a means of improving immunity, dealing with significant physical coercion. In addition, providing the necessary energy and oxygen positively affects the operation of the heart. Since Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a natural stimulant of metabolic processes, it is produced in the body and does not accumulate in organs and tissues and has no side effects from its use.
The acceptance program for athletes is as follows:
500 mg once a day after meals;
After improving the condition, reduce the dose to 100-250 mg per day, can be divided into 2-3 doses.
Often, athletes determine an individual dose by focusing on welfare. If you are using an increased amount of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (1500-3000 mg), the time to take the drug should not exceed 10 days.
Increased doses can be taken in courses: three days to drink, then two days break and so on.
Cosmetic amber acid
The regenerative and rejuvenating properties of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) are used in cosmetics. It is widely used in peeling, mask and massage applications. Use pure substance in powder form. Masks with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) for the face have a rejuvenating effect, cleanses the skin and never causes allergies. This medicine is also included in the composition of various creams and cosmetic milk.
In hair, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) masks or shampoo. The mask softens the curls, makes them elastic and flexible. The hair should be kept in two hours. To get amber shampoo, add a few acid crystals to your normal shampoo and wash your hair. Regular use of such products improves hair growth and restores dull, damaged curls.
Is there any harm to Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
This is a weak organic acid and causes irritation of the gastric mucosa, increasing the secretion of gastric juice. Therefore, it is not recommended to be taken on an empty stomach.
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) and other contraindications are:
individual intolerance; ischemic disease; urolithiasis; severe renal insufficiency; stomach ulcer; increased acidity of gastric juice; duodenal ulcer.
Side effects from taking the drug are not described, but if used incorrectly, you may cause irritation of the gastric mucosa and provoke gastritis. In addition, regular drinking of solutions of this substance can damage tooth enamel.
Poisoning with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) and succinates requires a very large dose. Thus, for mice, the lethal dose is 1.4 grams per kg and is 2.26 grams per kg of body weight for rats.
Let's summarize the above. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in the composition of a living organism is a natural participant in metabolism. The human body synthesizes it both independently and with food. Improves the conversion of energy from nutrients, promotes the oxidation of oxidized products and stimulates the absorption of oxygen at the cellular level. Therefore, the drug has an antioxidant and anti-toxic effect, stimulates the metabolism in general.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used in the treatment of various infections and intoxication. Athletes drink as a natural stimulant and agent that improves the performance of the heart muscle in order to get rid of hard training. Taking the drug during weight loss facilitates the process and relieves nervous tension, and cosmetic experts use it as a renewed component of masks, scythe and creams.
As a means against cell aging, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been discussed for a long time. It has been shown that taking the drug for the elderly has a positive effect on general health. However, this drug has contraindications - you can not take with patients with high acidity, severe kidney diseases, stomach ulcers.
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues. The chemical is also known as "Spirit of Amber." When Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was first discovered, it was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath. It was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains.

Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids. Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule. Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications.

Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents. Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients.

Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds. The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections.

Applications of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages. Producing five heterocyclic compounds, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatment chemicals, and coatings. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, and cancer-curing.
 
Applications of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)

Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.[10] 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic as a precursor.[16] The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.[17] Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.[18]
 
Acylation with Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is called succination. Oversuccination occurs when more than one succinate adds to a substrate.

Food and dietary supplement
As a food additive and dietary supplement, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[19] Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used primarily as an acidity regulator[20] in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.[12] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity[21] or as a counter ion.[12] Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.

See also: Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) fermentation
Succinate can alternatively be formed by reverse activity of SDH. Under anaerobic conditions certain bacteria such as A. succinogenes, A. succiniciproducens and M. succiniciproducens, run the TCA cycle in reverse and convert glucose to succinate through the intermediates of oxaloacetate, malate and fumarate.[24] This pathway is exploited in metabolic engineering to net generate succinate for human use.[24] Additionally, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) produced during the fermentation of sugar provides a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity to fermented alcohols.
 
Succinate is the re-entry point for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt into the TCA cycle, a closed cycle which synthesizes and recycles GABA.[27] The GABA shunt serves as an alternate route to convert alpha-ketoglutarate into succinate, bypassing the TCA cycle intermediate succinyl-CoA and instead producing the intermediate GABA. Transamination and subsequent decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate leads to the formation of GABA. GABA is then metabolized by GABA transaminase to succinic semialdehyde. Finally, succinic semialdehyde is oxidized by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) to form succinate, re-entering the TCA cycle and closing the loop. Enzymes required for the GABA shunt are expressed in neurons, glial cells, macrophages and pancreatic cells.
SSA=Succinic semialdehyde
Oil of amber, procured by heating Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. In living organisms,Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by theenzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting thecellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all organisms.

Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulatingepigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation ofcellular function. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leighs disease,and Melas disease, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Succinate orSuccinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is involved in several chemical processes in the body. In supplements, it is used for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes andirritability. Succinate is also applied to the skin for arthritis and joint pain. The Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) test kit is suitable for the specific assay of succinicacid in wine, cheese, eggs, sauce and other food products. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s Process based on renewable resources and high performing proprietary micro-organism, capturing CO2. Economically and ecologically attractive alternative to petrochemical raw materials.
The product is used as a building block for the production of polyurethanes, resins, polybutylene succinate (PBS) and plasticizers, as well as a precursorfor chemicals such as 1,4 butanediol (BDO). However, crude oil price volatility will affect prices for the product, thus restricting demand. In addition,strong growth in production of bio-Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) due to rise in popularity of green products among chemical manufacturers is expected to challenge demandover the next seven years.
Succincic Acid also known as Amber Acid, has been used in Europe as a natural analgesic and healing agent as well as natural antibiotic and general curativefor centuries. Natural Baltic Amber is high in Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) a natural constituent of plant and animal tissues and contains as much as 8% by weight. Ambergems are believed to be a very powerful anti-oxidant that may help fight toxic free radicals and disruptions of the cardiac rhythm. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) had beenshown to stimulate the neural system recovery and strengthens the immune system, and can also help compensate for energy drain in the body and brain,bosting awareness, concentration and reflexes, and reduce stress.
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues. The chemical is also known as "Spirit of Amber."When it was first discovered, it was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath. It was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains. Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids. Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule. Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications. Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents. Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants,detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients. Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of avariety of target compounds. The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and otherphysical and chemical properties for the proper application selections. tCC's Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages. Producingfive heterocyclic compounds, it is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatmentchemicals, and coatings. It is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, andcancer-curing.

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is one of the natural acids found in foods such as broccoli, rhubarb, sugar beets, fresh meat extracts, various cheeses, and sauerkraut.
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) accounts for up to the 90% of the nonvolatile acids produced during alcoholic fermentation (Thoukis et al., 1965). The content of this acid in wine ranges normally from 0.5 to 1.5 g/L, but the maximum concentration may reach 3 g/L (de Klerk, 2010). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a diprotic acid. Its pKa at 25°C are 4.21 and 5.64 (Lide, 2005). This means that at pH 3.50, most Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (83.9%) is present in its undissociated form; monodissociated succinate ion accounts only for approximately 16%, while the dissociation of the second carboxylic group is practically negligible (Usseglio-Tomasset, 1985).
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a non-hygroscopic acidulant of relatively low acid strength. Its apparent taste characteristics are very similar to the other acidulants of this type; there is some evidence that it has a rather slow taste build-up, which is an advantage when it is used as an acidulant in certain foods. It gives a much greater latitude in the formulation of powdered foods and beverages, since it has a much greater solubility in water at room temperatures than the other non-deliquescent acids.
 
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is one of the natural acids found in foods such as broccoli, rhubarb, sugar beets, fresh meat extracts, various cheeses, and sauerkraut. All of these products have very distinct and marked flavours, which may be due in part to a flavour enhancement by the small amounts of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) naturally present. This would suggest that Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) might have some interesting effects on various flavours that cannot be duplicated with other food acids.

Abstract of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic and malic acids and their derivatives are commonly used chemicals and are closely associated with our everyday life in the forms of food ingredients, acidulants, cosmetic products, detergents, herbicides, lubricants, biodegradable polymers, record films, clothes fibers, rubbers, and pharmaceuticals. Although succinic and malic acids are mostly produced through the petrochemical processes, their biotechnological production has been drawing much attention due to the environmental concerns and the unstable and increasing oil prices. In this article, both chemical and biotechnological processes for the production of succinic and malic acids are described. Focus is given on the metabolic engineering strategies for the development of the production strains. Also, production and applications of their major derivatives are reviewed. Finally, future directions in the development of strains and bioprocesses are discussed.
 
Biogenic Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) production: on the verge of industrializatio
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is a success story in the establishment of industrial processes with new microbial cell factories for a new product. A variety of companies disclosed the startup of industrial production of biogenic Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), based on different technologies: Bioamber is a joint venture of DNP Green Technology and Agro-industrie Recherches and Developpements (ARD). They built a pilot plant in France, with an annual capacity of 2000 t. Their process uses an E. coli strain producing Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) from wheat-derived glucose. Another E. coli-based process was set up by Myriant in Louisiana, USA. Currently, the annual capacity is 15 000 t using unrefined sugar as the feedstock. However, an expansion to 70 000-80 000 t in 2012 is already planned.
The production organism is S. cerevisiae, using a combination of reductive and oxidative TCA. Finally, BASF linked up with the Purac subsidiary CSM to make bioSuccinic acid (Succınıc acıd) using Basfia succiniproducens, a ruminal bacterium (Kuhnert et al., 2010) and glycerol (Scholten et al., 2009) or glucose as a feedstock. Commercial quality and volumes of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) are produced at a Purac facility in Spain.

Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), 1,4-Butanediol and Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) monomer can be obtained by microbial fermentation or synthetic chemical procedures. Chemical syntheses are well described in the literature (Chen and Patel, 2012), as well as the electrochemical process, a new procedure accepted for food and pharmaceutical applications, that is a promising technology thanks to its high yield, low cost, high purity monomers, without waste production.
 
For microbial production, several microorganisms can be used industrially, for example Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, and Mannheimia succiniciproducens (Chen and Patel, 2012) starting from corn starch, whey, cane molasses, glycerol, cereals, or lignocelluloses as biological raw materials. During fermentation, different byproducts such as acetate and formate could be formed, lowering the Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) concentration. Furthermore, unfortunately, the production cost of the downstream production is still too high, representing 60%-70% of the total production cost for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). Improvements for low cost processes as well as for purification processes are under study in order to optimize Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) production. Several global companies including BASF, Purac, BioAmber, Myriant, Amyris, and Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation are working on microbial production of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). 1,4-butanediol is nowadays produced from petrochemical resources by a chemical process. There is great interest in the microbial production of biobased 1,4-butanediol from sucrose as a renewable resource, or by catalytic aqueous-phase hydrogenation of biomass-based Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), as reported by Chen and Patel (2012).

Organic Acids
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is the main organic acid present during the greater part of the fruit development (Paull et al., 1984). However, higher content of malic acid was observed at maturity. According to Wang et al. (2006), mature fruit contains malic acid but not Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd). In their studies, malic acid was the main organic acid, which increased during early aril development and decreased dramatically as the fruit approached maturity. Citric, succinic, levulinic, glutaric, malonic, and lactic acids are present as relatively minor acid components (Cavaletto, 1980; Paull et al., 1984). The citric acid level was found to be low during fruit development, with a slight increase toward full maturity (Paull et al., 1984).
 
Environmental Fate/Exposure of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)'s production and use in the manufacturing of lacquers, dyes, and esters for perfumes and in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and neutralizing agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released into water, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in the water column. The potential for bioconcentration of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) in aquatic organisms is low. If released into the atmosphere, Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) is expected to exist in both the particulate and vapor phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 5.8 days.
 
Organic acids of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
Some organic acids, notably succinic and tartaric acid, have been found to have flavour enhancement effects. Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) was found to impart an umami taste in cheese as noted above (Drake et al. 2007). It has also been found in an umami taste fraction extracted from dried Morel mushrooms, Morchella deliciosa (Rotzoll et al. 2005). The latter group found an aqueous solution of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) to impart a sour taste (threshold 0.7 mmol/L) followed by an umami-like taste (threshold 0.9 mmol/L).
 
The Hofmann research group has termed the properties of compounds such as Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) as umami taste modifiers. They found Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd), as well as L-theanine (a glutamic acid derivative), gallic acid and theogallin to enhance the umami taste in a green tea beverage at subthreshold concentrations (Kaneko et al. 2006). Whereas in isolation the Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) has been denoted to have both sour and umami taste qualities, L-theanine was found to have astringent properties at 6 mmol/L but umami and sweet properties at 24 mmol/L; only gallic acid and theogallin had astringent properties in isolation. When prepared in model solutions with glutamic acid, these compounds all raised the umami intensity of MSG, depending on the level at which they were added (Kaneko et al. 2006).

Biofilms for Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) production of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd)
The industrial potential of Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) fermentation was recognized as early as the late 1970s (Zeikus et al., 1999). Succinic acid (Succınıc acıd) (HOOCCH2 CH2COOH) is a dicarboxylic acid, and can be used as a feedstock chemical for the produc