PRODUCTS

TETA/TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE

TETA/Triethylenetetramine a yellowish liquid.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine, also known as trientine (INN) when used medically, is an organic compound with the formula [CH2NHCH2CH2NH2]2.

CAS Number: 112-24-3
Molecular Formula: C6H18N4
Molecular Weight: 146.23
EINECS Number: 203-950-6

TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE, trientine, 112-24-3, Trien, Triethylene tetramine, Tecza, TETA, 1,2-Ethanediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-, DEH 24, Araldite hardener HY 951, Araldite HY 951, 1,4,7,10-Tetraazadecane, 1,8-Diamino-3,6-diazaoctane, Trientina, Trientinum, triethylene tetraamine, N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, Trethylenetetramine, 3,6-Diazaoctane-1,8-diamine, N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine, triethylenetetraamine, NSC 443, Syprine, 2,2,2-tetramine, HY 951, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, CCRIS 6279, HSDB 1002, Trientinum [INN-Latin], NSC-443, Trientina [INN-Spanish], Ethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-, N'-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine, EINECS 203-950-6, UNII-SJ76Y07H5F, MFCD00008169, Trientine [INN], BRN 0605448, SJ76Y07H5F, DTXSID9023702, CHEBI:39501, AI3-24384, N,N-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane, EPH 925, Tomography, x-ray computed trientine, CHEMBL609, (2-aminoethyl)({2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl})amine, DTXCID503702, 4-04-00-01242 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NCGC00091695-01, NCGC00091695-03, Trientinum (INN-Latin), N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane, Trientina (INN-Spanish), 1,2-Ethanediamine, N1,N2-bis(2-aminoethyl)-, N1,N1'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)diethane-1,2-diamine, CAS-112-24-3, Rutapox VE 2896, UN2259, RT 1AX, TETA (crosslinking agent), triene, Trientene, 1,6-diazaoctane, 3,8-diamine, VE 2896, TRIENTINE [MI], 1,7,10-Tetraazadecane, TRIENTINE [VANDF], N1,N2-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, bmse000773, Texlin 300 (Salt/Mix), TRIENTINE [WHO-DD], 3,6-Diazaoctanethylenediamin, SCHEMBL15439, WLN: Z2M2M2Z, BIDD:ER0303, BIDD:GT0014, NSC443, SCHEMBL6423840, A16AX12, TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE [HSDB], n,n'-bis(aminoethyl)ethylenediamine, STR03562, n,n'-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethanediamine, Tox21_111162, Tox21_201066, BDBM50323751, N,N'-Di(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine, AKOS006223906, Tox21_111162_1, Triethylenetetramine (Technical Grade), Triethylenetetramine, >=97.0% (T), DB06824, Ethylenediamine,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-, NCGC00091695-04, NCGC00258619-01, BP-30180, Ethanediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-, SBI-0206814.P001, Triethylenetetramine, technical grade, 60%, NS00001757, T0429, Triethylenetetramine [UN2259] [Corrosive], C07166, EN300-651158, N,N'-BIS-(2-AMINOETHYL)ETHYLENEDIAMINE, AB00573244_07, N,N''-Bis-(2-amino-ethyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine, Q418386, J-018026, N,N''-BIS(2-AMINOETHYL)-1,2-ETHANEDIAMINE, W-109064, 105821-86-1.

The pure freebase is a colorless oily liquid, but, like many amines, older samples assume a yellowish color due to impurities resulting from air-oxidation.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is soluble in polar solvents.
The branched isomer tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and piperazine derivatives may also be present in commercial samples of TETA.

The hydrochloride salts are used medically as a treatment for copper toxicity.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a colorless to light-yellow liquid containing linear, branched and cyclic molecules.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is mainly used in the manufacture of fuel oil additives, lubricating oil additives and epoxy curing agents.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is also used in the production of asphalt additives.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine, also called trientine (INN), is an organic compound with the formula [CH2NHCH2CH2NH2]2.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine oily liquid is colorless, but like many amines, it acquires a yellowish color due to impurities from oxidation with air.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is soluble in polar solvents.
Branched isomer tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and piperazine derivatives may also be present in commercial TETA/Triethylenetetramine samples
The reactivity and uses of TETA/Triethylenetetramine are similar to those for the related polyamines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is primarily used as a crosslinker ("hardener") in epoxy curing.
Triethylenetetramine hydrochloride salt (TETA), called TETA/Triethylenetetramine hydrochloride, is a chelating agent used to bind and remove copper from the body to treat Wilson's disease, especially in those with penicillamine intolerance.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine as first-line therapy, but experience with penicillamine is more extensive.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine hydrochloride (brand name Syprine) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 1985.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is prepared by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst.
This process yields various amines, particularly ethylene amines, which are separated by distillation and sublimation.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine was used as an additive to improve the peak resolution capability of the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) operating buffer system to separate and quantify monoclonal antibodies by the CZE method.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine can be used for the amination of polyacrylonitrile fibers to form new fiber catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation in aqueous media.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine also acts as a copper(II) selective chelator.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine can also be used as a growth promoter in the formation of 1D zinc sulfide nanoarchitectures.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a highly selective divalent Cu(II) chelator and orphan drug that reverses copper overload in tissues.
The salt form of trientine (triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride or 2,2,2-tetramine) was introduced in 1969 as an alternative to Dpenicillamine.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine consists of a polyamine-like structure that differs from D-penicillamine in that it does not contain sulfhydryl groups.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was previously approved by the FDA in 1985 as second-line pharmacotherapy for Wilson's disease.
Although penicillamine therapy is believed to be more comprehensive, TETA/Triethylenetetramine therapy has been shown to be an effective initial therapy even in patients with initially decompensated liver disease, and long-term TETA/Triethylenetetramine therapy is not associated with adverse effects.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is clinical applications in cancer, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are examined.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson's disease.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations or cases of clinically evident liver injury with jaundice during treatment.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine appears as a yellowish liquid. Less dense than water.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is flammable, but can be difficult to ignite.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is corrosive to metals and tissues.

Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic nitrogen oxides formed during combustion.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, drugs and other chemicals.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a copper chelator used as an alternative to D-penicillamine in the treatment of Wilson's disease.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine tends to be used in patients who experience serious side effects due to penicillamine therapy or penicillamine intolerance
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a selective copper (II) chelator.
While neutralizing its catalytic activity, it binds tightly to the urine and facilitates the systemic elimination of Cu(II), but does not cause systemic copper deficiency even after long-term use.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine can also act as an antioxidant, as it suppresses copper-mediated oxidative stress.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine not only increases urinary Cu excretion, but also reduces intestinal copper absorption by 80%.
The unchanged drug and two acetylated metabolites, N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine (MAT) and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine (DAT), are excreted mainly in the urine. ,

About 1% of the administered trientine and about 8% of the biotransformed trientine metabolite acetyltriene is ultimately seen in the urine.
In parallel with the amount of trientine excreted in the urine, the amounts of copper, zinc and iron in the urine also increase.
The unchanged drug after oral administration is also excreted in the feces.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is mainly metabolized by acetylation and two major acetylated metabolites are found in human serum and urine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is readily acetylated as N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine (MAT) and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine (DAT).
MAT can still bind the divalent Cu, Fe and Zn, but to a much lesser extent compared to the unchanged drug.

To date, no enzyme has been definitively identified as responsible for TETA/Triethylenetetramine acetylation, but spermidine/sperm acetyltransferase-1 (SSAT-1) is a potential candidate responsible forTriethylenetetramine acetylation due to the close chemical similarity between the natural substrate spermidine and Triethylenetetramine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has also been shown to be an in vitro substrate for human thialysis acetyltransferase (SSAT2).

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is clinically used mainly as its dihydrochloride salt (trientine; ref. 1, 16); however, a form of Triethylenetetramine disuccinate has also recently been developed. Trientine is soluble in aqueous solutions and is presented as a free-base Triethylenetetramine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has proven difficult to detect in aqueous solutions because it has a very polar nature, does not separate efficiently from conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns, and has little absorption at accessible UV detection wavelengths.
One solution inspired by aqueous polyamine analytical methods is to use fluorescent labeling reagents to derive Triethylenetetramine and detect its derivatives using a fluorimetric detector.

A number of fluorescent labeling reagents have been tried, including m-toluoyl chloride, fluoresamine, dansyl chloride, O-phthalaldhit, 4-(1-pyrene)butyric acid Nhydroxysuccinimide ester, and 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate.
However, fluorimetric methods are associated with difficulties, such as whether the analyte is fully or partially labeled and whether the detected peaks are separated from other known or unknown metabolites, polyamines and their metabolites.
Only one of the above methods resolved these concerns.

An HPLC-conductivity detection method has also been developed, but the detection limit is relatively high, resulting in poor sensitivity to the method.
Recently, a non-derivative method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been developed to simultaneously detect TETA/Triethylenetetramine and its two major metabolites in aqueous solutions, providing more sensitive detection and analytical power.
With the availability of LC-MS-MS technology, a method with higher sensitivity and accuracy can be developed to study TETA/Triethylenetetramine and its metabolites in human samples; this will certainly facilitate future pharmacological studies on Triethylenetetramine.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a selective chelator for CuII that helps to systemically eliminate divalent Cu from the human body by forming a stable complex that is easily excreted by the kidney. TETA/Triethylenetetramine not only increases urinary Cu excretion, but also reduces intestinal copper absorption by 80%.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine and its metabolite MAT can bind divalent Cu, Fe and Zn.

However, the chelating activity of MAT is significantly lower than that of Triethylenetetramine.
In healthy volunteers, urinary copper levels increase in parallel with the amount of TETA/Triethylenetetramine excretion, while in diabetic patients it increases in parallel with the sum of Triethylenetetramine and MAT.
Removal of excess Cu in Wilson's patients is considered the mechanism of action to treat this disease.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine Currently, there is no systemic study investigating the anticancer mechanisms of triethylenetetramine.
To better understand the anticancer effects of TETA/Triethylenetetramine, more systematically designed studies are needed to demonstrate the hierarchy of TETA/Triethylenetetramine action in cancer cells, and these will certainly guide or benefit future clinical practice.
Recently, triethylenetetramine has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of diabetic heart failure.

Copper homeostasis has been shown to be a pathogenic abnormality associated with hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine treatment reduces left ventricular hypertrophy in patients.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine also improves left ventricular function, repairs damaged aortic and left ventricular structures, and improves cardiac antioxidant defense in rat diabetes models.

However, the precise targets and mechanism of action of triethylenetetramine in diabetic heart failure are still under investigation.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is effective in the treatment of diabetic heart failure as well as other diabetic complications.
One report demonstrated that TETA/Triethylenetetramine was effective in diabetic nephropathy by normalizing kidney fibrosis and through activation of pathogenic transforming growth factor-(TGF-) in a rat model.

Two other reports produced data showing that Triethylenetetramine suppressed carbonyl stress and reduced inflammation in the lenses of diabetic rats.
Therefore, triethylenetetramine can be used to help treat diabetic retinopathy.
Current Clinical Practices and Therapeutic Effects TETA/Triethylenetetramine is currently used as second-line therapy in the form of trientine for W. for patients with ilson's disease, especially penicillamine allergy or intolerance.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is mostly used in children with Wilson's disease.
The common dosing schedule is 600 mg/day twice daily and is mainly determined by plasma T1/2.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is also used in other metal poisonings.

For example, one case reported that triantine was effective in treating manganese poisoning in a patient with acquired hepatocerebral degeneration.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is an established orphan drug with promising new clinical applications and results.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine could be a promising anticancer agent with the potential to enter clinical trials very soon.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is also likely to be used in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy. Consequently, knowledge of its pharmacology is largely required.
This review provides an overview of the known pharmacology of Triethylenetetramine based on the available information.
Although TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been used in clinical situations for decades, information on its pharmacology is still limited. For example, many pharmacological aspects of triethylenetetramine have not been fully elucidated, such as the exact mechanism of absorption in humans, the effect of coadministration on zinc absorption, which food components inhibit absorption, how it is released from cells and how it passes.

Recent research on its metabolism suggests that it may be an ideal candidate for combination chemotherapy, as it is metabolized by a unique SSAT pathway that is unlikely to interfere and/or interfere with the metabolism of normal anticancer drugs.
More pharmacological information about TETA/Triethylenetetramine is still needed, especially in population groups with diseases such as cancer and diabetes patients.
A thorough understanding of the pharmacology of TETA/Triethylenetetramine necessary for its therapeutic adoption.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine by Huntsman is triethylenetetramine acts as a curing agent for epoxy resins.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine also functions as a corrosion inhibitor, surfactant and mineral processing aid.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is compatible with polyamides. TETA/Triethylenetetramine can be used in composites.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used as a polymer and resin modifier.
The shelf life of the product is 24 months.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a copper chelating agent used for the management of Wilson's disease in cases where penicillamine therapy is clinically inappropriate.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine has similar activity and uses to ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine finds use as a crosslinker (hardener) in epoxy curing, as an intermediate in the synthesis of cellulose chemicals and paper auxillaries, and in lube oil and fuel additives.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine by Huntsman is triethylenetetramine.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine acts as a curing agent for epoxy resins.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine also functions as a corrosion inhibitor, surfactant and mineral processing aid.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is compatible with polyamide.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is recommended for coatings.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine, also called trientine (INN), is an organic compound with the formula [CH2NHCH2CH2NH2]2.
This oily liquid is colorless but, like many amines, older samples assume a yellowish color due to impurities resulting from air-oxidation.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is soluble in polar solvents.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a colorless to light-yellow liquid containing linear, branched and cyclic molecules.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is mainly used in the manufacture of fuel oil additives, lubricating oil additives and epoxy curing agents.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is also used in the production of asphalt additives.
The branched isomer tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and piperazine derivatives may also be present in commercial samples of TETA.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is an organic compound.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine belongs to the class of ethyleneamines.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a very useful chemical compound that is industrially produced by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is then separated by distillation and sublimation.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine's chemical formula is C6H18N4.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is prepared by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst.
This process gives a variety of amines, especially ethylene amines which are separated by distillation and sublimation.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine appears as a yellowish liquid.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is less dense than water.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is corrosive to metals and tissue.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine's vapors heavier than air. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a highly selective divalent Cu(II) chelator and orphan drug that revereses copper overload in tissues.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine's salt form, trientine (triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride or 2,2,2-tetramine) was introduced in 1969 as an alternative to D-penicillamine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine consists of a polyamine-like structure different from D-penicillamine, as it lack sulfhydryl groups.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was previously approved by FDA in 1985 as second-line pharmacotherapy for Wilson's disease.

Although penicillamine treatment is believed to be more extensive, TETA/Triethylenetetramine therapy has been shown to be an effective initial therapy, even with patients with decompensated liver disease at the outset, and prolonged TETA treatment is not associated with adverse effects as expected in penicillamine treatment.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine's clinical applications on cancer, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and vascular demetia are being studied.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson disease.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has similar activity and uses to ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine finds use as a crosslinker (hardener) in epoxy curing, as an intermediate in the synthesis of cellulose chemicals and paper auxillaries, and in lube oil and fuel additives.

Melting point: 12 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 266-267 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.982 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: ~5 (vs air)
vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.496(lit.)
Flash point: 290 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: alcohol: soluble
pka: pK1:3.32(+4);pK2:6.67(+3);pK3:9.20(+2);pK4:9.92(+1) (20°C)
form: Slightly viscous yellow liquid; commercially available form is 95–98% pure, and impurities include linear, branched, and cyclic isomers.
color: Yellowish liquid or oil
PH: 10-11 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
explosive limit: 0.7-7.2%(V)
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
FreezingPoint: 12℃
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,9663
BRN: 605448
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 ppm (Skin)
NIOSH: TWA 1 ppm(4 mg/m3)
Stability: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.
LogP: -2.65 at 20℃

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is prepared by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst.
This process gives a variety of amines, especially ethylene amines which are separated by distillation and sublimation.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a tetradentate ligand in coordination chemistry, where it is referred to as trien.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine complexes of the type M(trien)L2 can adopt several diastereomeric structures.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a selective copper (II) chelator.
While neutralizing its catalytic activity, it binds tightly to the urine and facilitates the systemic elimination of Cu(II), but does not cause systemic copper deficiency even after long-term use.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is mainly metabolized by acetylation and two major acetylated metabolites are found in human serum and urine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is readily acetylated as N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine (MAT) and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine (DAT).
TETA/Triethylenetetramine can still bind the divalent Cu, Fe and Zn, but to a much lesser extent compared to the unchanged drug.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine, a selective chelator of CuII and an orphan drug, is widely used in the treatment of Wilson's disease.
Recently, their potential use in cancer chemotherapy and other diseases has been investigated.
Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by copper accumulation in the tissues of patients.

The disease, which manifested as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease, caused the death of patients and was considered an incurable disease until the 1950s.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine of this disease with orphan drugs was developed by John Walshe in the 1950s.
Currently, common treatments for Wilson's disease either reduce copper absorption using zinc acetate or remove excess copper from the body using chelators such as penicillamine and TETA/Triethylenetetramine.

Recently, it has been shown that TETA/Triethylenetetramine can improve left ventricular hypertrophy in humans and rats with diabetes.
Based on preclinical studies, it has also been suggested that TETA/Triethylenetetramine can be used in cancer treatment because it is a telomerase inhibitor and has anti-angiogenesis properties.
In addition, a recent report showed that TETA/Triethylenetetramine treatment can overcome cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cell culture through inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1/Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase.

Another recent report showed that TETA/Triethylenetetramine can induce apoptosis in murine fibrosarcoma cells through activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
However, no clinical studies or trial plans using TETA/Triethylenetetramine to treat cancer have been reported in the literature.
Since TETA/Triethylenetetramine is an orphan drug and has been used in the clinic for decades, it can be easily tested in clinical cancer chemotherapy.

However, a thorough understanding of Triethylenetetramine pharmacology is essential to reap the potential benefits of TETA/Triethylenetetramine in clinical cancer therapy.
Although TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been used in the treatment of Wilson's disease for decades, relatively few reports of Triethylenetetramine pharmacology in patients with Wilson's disease can be found in the literature, and to date there is no comprehensive review of Triethylenetetramine pharmacology.
This overview examines the pharmacological aspects and current clinical applications of TETA/Triethylenetetramine, providing valuable information to research scientists or clinicians interested in using Triethylenetetramine as a treatment for cancer or other diseases.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine also reveals gaps in Triethylenetetramine pharmacology that need to be addressed despite decades of clinical use in patients with Wilson's disease.
Another clinical use of TETA/Triethylenetetramine is in diabetic complications.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been used in clinical trials to treat diabetic heart failure and has been shown to be effective in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes with cardiac complications.

Several preclinical animal studies have been conducted using TETA/Triethylenetetramine to treat diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, and the results show that TETA/Triethylenetetramine is effective in improving these complications in diabetic animal models.
A number of preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies have been performed for the treatment of cancer using triethylenetetramine.
However, only one clinical application of TETA/Triethylenetetramine in cancer has been reported.

In this report, TETA/Triethylenetetramine was used to reduce liver copper content in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after percutaneous ethanol injection or radiofrequency ablation.
In preclinical studies, TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been shown to effectively inhibit the growth of various tumors or tumor cells, including neuroblastoma, HCC, HeLa cells, colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer cells (MCF-7), fibrosarcoma, and glioma. mechanisms of anti-angiogenesis, telomerase inhibition and apoptosis.
In another study, TETA/Triethylenetetramine exhibited the ability to overcome cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells through inhibition of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity.

Based on the same mechanism, TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a coppermediated oxidative toxicity in a mouse model.
According to an in vitro study, it has been suggested that Triethylenetetramine may be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine, also known as trientine, is a potent and selective copper (II)-selective chelator.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a structural analog of linear polyamine compounds, spermidine and spermine.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine was first developed in Germany in 1861 and its chelating properties were first recognized in 1925.
Initially approved by the FDA in 1985 as a second-line treatment for Wilson's disease, TETA/Triethylenetetramine is currently indicated to treat adults with stable Wilson’s disease who are de-coppered and tolerant to penicillamine.

Uses Of TETA/Triethylenetetramine:
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used as an amine hardener in epoxy resin of the bisphenol A type.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in synthesis of detergents, softeners, and dyestuffs; manufacture of pharmaceuticals; vulcanization accelerator of rubber; thermo setting resin; epoxy curing agent; lubricating-oil additive; analytical reagent for Cu, Ni; chelating agent; treatment of Wilson's disease.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a selective CuII-chelator; crosslinking agent.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is undergoing trials for the treatment of heart failure in patients with diabetes.
The reactivity and uses of TETA/Triethylenetetramine are similar to those for the related polyamines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is primarily used as a crosslinker ("hardener") in epoxy curing.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine, like other aliphatic amines, react quicker and at lower temperatures than aromatic amines due to less negative steric effects since the linear nature of the molecule provides it the ability to rotate and twist.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used medically in the treatment of Wilson's disease.
This is a rare genetic disorder where there is an abnormal accumulation of copper in the body, leading to various health issues.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine acts as a chelating agent, helping to remove excess copper by forming stable complexes that can be excreted from the body.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is employed as a corrosion inhibitor for metal surfaces.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine forms protective layers on metal, preventing or slowing down the corrosion process.

This is particularly important in industrial settings where metal equipment or structures are exposed to corrosive environments.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in the production of certain adhesive formulations, where its chemical properties contribute to the adhesive's performance.
In polymer and resin industries, TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used as a crosslinking agent.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine helps link polymer chains, enhancing the strength and stability of the resulting material.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine can be used as a fuel additive, contributing to the reduction of corrosion in fuel systems.
In the textile industry, TETA/Triethylenetetramine can be used in certain dyeing processes and as a fixative for certain dyes.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is utilized in the production of epoxy resins, where its amine groups react with epoxy groups to form a crosslinked polymer structure.
This enhances the properties of the resin, making it suitable for various applications, including coatings, adhesives, and composites.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been used in the past in the development of photographic solutions.

The hydrochloride salt of TETA/Triethylenetetramine, referred to as trientine hydrochloride, is a chelating agent that is used to bind and remove copper in the body to treat Wilson's disease, particularly in those who are intolerant to penicillamine.
Some recommend trientine as first-line treatment, but experience with penicillamine is more extensive.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was approved for medical use in the United States in November 1985.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2017.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2019.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy.
The most common side effects include nausea, especially when starting treatment, skin rash, duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum, the part of the gut leading out of the stomach), and severe colitis (inflammation in the large bowel causing pain and diarrhea).
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is a strong chelating agent, forming stable complexes with metal ions.

This property is exploited in medical applications, specifically in the treatment of Wilson's disease.
In Wilson's disease, copper accumulates in the body, leading to toxicity.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine chelates copper, allowing it to be excreted from the body.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal surfaces from corrosion.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine forms a protective layer on metal, preventing the corrosive action of environmental factors.
This is crucial in industries where metal structures or equipment are exposed to harsh conditions, such as those found in the oil and gas industry.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine serves as a crosslinking agent in polymer and resin formulations.
When added to polymers, TETA/Triethylenetetramine promotes crosslinking between polymer chains, improving the strength, durability, and thermal stability of the resulting material.
This is particularly valuable in the production of coatings, adhesives, and composite materials.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine is used in the formulation of certain adhesives and sealants.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is chemical structure contributes to the adhesive's ability to bond different materials and provide long-lasting adhesion.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is utilized as a fuel additive to mitigate corrosion in fuel systems.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine helps protect metal components in engines and fuel delivery systems from the corrosive effects of fuels.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine finds application in the textile industry, especially in dyeing processes where it can assist in fixing certain dyes to fabrics.

In the past, TETA/Triethylenetetramine has been used in the development of photographic solutions.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is chemical properties contribute to the processing of photographic films.

Safety Profile Of TETA/Triethylenetetramine:
Poison by intravenous route.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact.
An experimental teratogen.

Experimental reproductive effects.
Mutation data reported.
A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Causes skin sensitization.
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame.
Ignites on contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area.

Can react with oxidizing materials.
To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine may induce lung edema on inhalation of its vapors.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine is also an effective skin sensitizer.
Following repeated dosing (ca. 50 mg each, 17 – 55 times) onto the skin of pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs, significant amounts were absorbed by the strongly irritated skin, leading to toxic effects in the kidneys, liver, brain, and placenta and causing abortion.

TETA/Triethylenetetramine proved to be a mutagen in vitro but not in vivo.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was mutagenic in bacterial assays and was positive in sister chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA synthesis tests in vitro.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine was not clastogenic in the mouse micronucleus test in vivo after oral or intraperitoneal administration.

Fire Hazard Of TETA/Triethylenetetramine:
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.

Containers may explode when heated.
Runoff may pollute waterways.
TETA/Triethylenetetramine may be transported in a molten form.