TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

At the molecular level, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is a compact, low-molecular-weight (226.36 g/mol), symmetrical twin-tailed acetylenic glycol synthesized via the Favorskii alkynylation of two moles of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) with one mole of acetylene gas, corresponding to the structural formula (CH3)2CH-CH2-C(CH3)(OH)-C(triple bond)C-C(OH)(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)2. Unlike conventional linear head-tail nonionic or anionic surfactants—which orient vertically at the air-water interface, pack into elastic Gibbs-Marangoni soap films that generate persistent foam, and lock up surfactant monomers inside slow-relaxing micelles—the central high-electron-density carbon-carbon triple bond flanked by two tertiary hydroxyl groups at C-4 and C-7 causes Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) to orient horizontally (flat) at air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces while its four branched methyl/isobutyl groups prevent intermolecular film cohesion!

Because of this horizontal Gemini orientation and complete absence of stable micellar aggregation in water, 100% of dissolved Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) molecules remain free in solution to diffuse to newly created interfaces within milliseconds during high-speed roll coating, airless spraying, flexographic/gravure printing, or high-frequency inkjet droplet firing—slashing dynamic surface tension to ~30–33 mN/m while simultaneously rupturing entrained air bubbles and eliminating invisible micro-foam pinholes! Crucially, because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) contains zero silicone (polydimethylsiloxane), zero mineral oil, and zero fluorocarbons, it eliminates craters, fisheyes, orange peel, and mop/roller ridges without ever compromising inter-coat recoatability, heat-sealability, or lamination bond strength.

Partnering with Ataman Kimya for 100% Active Solid or 50%–85% Liquid / Powder grades of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) guarantees >= 98.5% acetylenic diol purity, low color, US FDA 21 CFR 175.105 / 175.300 / 176.170 indirect food-contact and US EPA 40 CFR 180.910/180.920 agrochemical regulatory compliance, and reliable global supply chain logistics. Selecting the appropriate physical form and ethoxylated co-surfactant pairing for Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) empowers coating, ink, adhesive, and agrochemical chemists to achieve defect-free film leveling and zero-foam processing at dosages of just 0.05% to 0.50% w/w.

CAS Number: 126-86-3 (5-Decyne-4,7-diol, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-; 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol; 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol; Commercial meso and racemic dl diastereomer mixture)
EC Number: 204-809-1 (EINECS 204-809-1; EU REACH Registered substance: 2,4,7,9-tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol)
Molecular Formula: C14H26O2 (Condensed Symmetrical Structural Formula: (CH3)2CH-CH2-C(CH3)(OH)-C(triple bond)C-C(OH)(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)2; Theoretical Elemental Composition: 74.28% C, 11.58% H, 14.14% O by weight)
Molecular Weight: 226.36 g/mol (Exact Monoisotopic Mass: 226.1933 g/mol)
INCI Name: TETRAMETHYL DECYNEDIOL (CosIng Reference No. 38462; functions: Surfactant, Wetting Agent, Defoaming / Anti-Foaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling Agent)
E Number: Not assigned (Industrial dynamic wetting agent and molecular defoamer; not a direct food additive, though cleared by the US FDA for indirect food-contact coatings, paper/paperboard, and packaging adhesives under 21 CFR 175.105, 21 CFR 175.300, 21 CFR 176.170, 21 CFR 176.180, and 21 CFR 177.1210, and by the US EPA under 40 CFR 180.910 / 180.920 for agricultural pesticide formulations)
Melting Point: 37.0 to 46.0 °C (98.6 to 114.8 °F Melting / Solidification Range for commercial 100% active diastereomeric mixture of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD); individual isolated stereoisomers melt at 42–44 °C and 56–64 °C; for 50% w/w liquid solution in Propylene Glycol [TMDD-PG50], Pour Point is <= -10.0 °C; in Ethylene Glycol [TMDD-E50], Pour Point is ~ +7.0 °C)
Boiling Point: 253.0 to 255.0 °C (487.4 to 491.0 °F) at 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg) atmospheric pressure (153.0 to 157.0 °C at 20 Torr / 26.7 hPa; 106.0 to 108.0 °C at 1 Torr / 1.33 hPa); Pensky-Martens Closed-Cup Flash Point: 97.3 to 118.0 °C (207.1 to 244.4 °F, ASTM D93 / ISO 2719 for 100% active TMDD; Non-flammable Class IIIB); Autoignition Temperature: ~335.0 to 350.0 °C (DIN 51794)
Viscosity: 35.0 to 55.0 mPa·s (cP) dynamic viscosity at 50 °C in molten liquid state for 100% active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (for 50% w/w liquid solutions at 25 °C: ~40 to 65 mPa·s in Propylene Glycol [TMDD-PG50], ~35 to 45 mPa·s in Ethylene Glycol [TMDD-E50], ~22 to 30 mPa·s in DPM or 2-Ethylhexanol)
Density: 0.885 to 0.895 g/cm3 at 30 to 50 °C in molten liquid state for 100% active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (typically 0.890 g/cm3 at 40 °C; solid crystalline density at 20 °C: ~0.915 g/cm3; for 50% w/w in Propylene Glycol at 25 °C: 0.955 to 0.965 g/cm3; for 50% w/w in Ethylene Glycol at 25 °C: 0.990 to 1.000 g/cm3; Vapor Pressure of 100% TMDD: 0.004 hPa [0.003 mmHg] at 25 °C; Refractive Index n20/D: ~1.478 to 1.480)

Most Frequently Encountered Synonyms:
Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD)
TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)
2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol
2,4,7,9-Tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol
5-Decyne-4,7-diol, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-
Tetramethyl decynediol
Tetramethyldecynediol
1,4-Diisobutyl-1,4-dimethylbutynediol
1,4-Diisobutyl-1,4-dimethyl-2-butyne-1,4-diol
TMDD 50% BC (50% in 2-Butoxyethanol / Butyl Cellosolve)
TMDD 50% A (50% in 2-Ethylhexanol)
TMDD 50% S (50% Powder on Amorphous Silica)
Acetylenic Diol
Acetylenic Glycol Surfactant
Surfynol 104
Surfynol 104E / 104PG-50 / 104A / 104BC / 104DPM / 104PA / 104H / 104S
Olfine E1004 / Olfine AK-02
Dynol / EnviroGem Precursor Diol
Tetrametildesindiol (Turkish)
2,4,7,9-Tetrametil-5-desin-4,7-diol (TMDD)

WHAT IS TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)?

Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (IUPAC name: 2,4,7,9-tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol, CAS 126-86-3, EC 204-809-1) is a symmetrical, nonionic tertiary acetylenic glycol with the molecular formula C14H26O2 and a molecular weight of 226.36 g/mol. In industrial colloid and surface chemistry, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is the archetype and parent molecule of the "Gemini Acetylenic Diol" surfactant family (historically commercialized under the Surfynol 104 trademark).
Whereas conventional surfactants (such as linear alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate DOSS, or sodium lauryl sulfate) lower static equilibrium surface tension effectively at rest but fail under high-speed dynamic conditions because their large micelles dissociate too slowly and their vertical interfacial packing stabilizes stubborn foam bubbles, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) operates by a completely different physical mechanism:

 It is a "Dynamic Wetting Agent" that lowers dynamic surface tension (down to ~30 to 33 mN/m at 0.1% w/w in water even at high surface-creation rates of 6 to 10 bubbles/second) because its compact, non-micelle-forming molecules diffuse to fresh air-liquid and substrate-liquid interfaces in milliseconds.

 It is simultaneously a "Molecular Defoamer and De-Airing Agent" (Ross-Miles foam height = 0.0 mm) that prevents foam formation and destabilizes micro-foam bubbles from the molecular level—without introducing a single drop of hydrophobic silicone oil, mineral oil, or silica particles that could cause craters, fisheyes, haze, or inter-coat adhesion failure

 Because 100% pure Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is a waxy crystalline solid at ambient temperature (melting at 37 to 46 °C into a mobile liquid), it is supplied both as the 100% active solid (in 170–180 kg drums or 20 kg pails/flaked bags) and pre-dissolved at 50% to 85% w/w in water-miscible or coating-compatible solvents (Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether, 2-Butoxyethanol, Isopropanol, or 2-Ethylhexanol) as well as absorbed at 50% w/w onto precipitated amorphous silica as a free-flowing dry powder.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ACETYLENIC DIOL GEMINI SURFACTANTS

The chemistry of tertiary acetylenic diols originated from Alexei Favorskii's discovery in 1900 that terminal alkynes and acetylene gas react reversibly with ketones in the presence of anhydrous potassium hydroxide (KOH) to form alkynyl alcohols and symmetrical alkynediols. In the late 1940s and 1950s, chemists at Air Reduction Company (Airco, later Air Products and Chemicals and now Evonik) scaled up the reaction of acetylene with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) to commercialize 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol—Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD)—as the first industrial Gemini surfactant under the name Surfynol 104.

As environmental VOC regulations from the 1970s through the 2020s forced the automotive coating, industrial wood/metal coating, flexographic/gravure printing ink, inkjet, and packaging adhesive industries to transition from low-surface-tension organic solvents (~22–28 mN/m) to high-surface-tension water (72.8 mN/m at 20 °C), formulators encountered severe dynamic wetting defects (retraction, crawling, craters, orange peel) coupled with intractable micro-foam pinholes caused by conventional wetting surfactants. Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (along with its ethoxylated derivatives CAS 9014-85-1) became the indispensable enabling additive that allowed waterborne coatings, inks, and adhesives to run at solvent-borne press and spray speeds without foam or surface defects.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, GEMINI HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION, AND MOLECULAR DEFOAMING MECHANISM

The unique interfacial behavior of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is explained by four molecular structure-property relationships within its C14H26O2 skeleton:

 Central High-Electron-Density Acetylenic Diol Core (-C(OH)-C(triple bond)C-C(OH)-):
At the exact center of the 10-carbon main chain (between carbons C-5 and C-6) sits a linear carbon-carbon triple bond (-C(triple bond)C-, sp-hybridized, bond length 1.20 Angstroms) flanked symmetrically by two tertiary hydroxyl (-OH) groups at carbons C-4 and C-7. The cylindrical pi-electron cloud of the triple bond acts as a soft hydrogen-bond acceptor that works in tandem with the two -OH hydrogen-bond donors/acceptors to create a compact, rigid hydrophilic dipole at the center of the molecule (Topological Polar Surface Area = 40.5 Angstroms^2, HLB ~ 4.0).

 Four Branched Methyl and Isobutyl Hydrophobic Shields (Positions C-2, C-4, C-7, C-9):
Flanking the central acetylenic diol core are two tertiary methyl groups (at C-4 and C-7) and two branched isobutyl tails (-CH2-CH(CH3)2 at C-4 and C-7, creating isopropyl branches at C-2 and C-9). Because the molecule contains six terminal methyl (-CH3) groups distributed symmetrically at both ends, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) has a very low hydrocarbon cohesive energy density.

 Horizontal ("Flat") Orientation at the Air-Water Interface and Rapid Monomer Diffusion:
When dissolved in an aqueous system (water solubility ~1.1 to 1.7 g/L at 25 °C), Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) molecules do NOT aggregate into large, stable spherical micelles with a classic sharp Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC); instead, they exist in water predominantly as free unaggregated monomers or small dimers/trimers. When a fresh air-liquid interface is created during high-speed printing, spraying, or roller coating, these compact free monomers diffuse to the interface orders of magnitude faster than micelle-bound linear surfactants (whose micelles require 100 to 1,000 milliseconds to dissociate!). Once at the interface, the central -C(OH)-C(triple bond)C-C(OH)- core anchors in the water while both isobutyl wings lie flat across the water surface—occupying a large molecular cross-sectional area (~65 to 85 Angstroms^2 per molecule) and dropping both static and dynamic surface tension to ~29.5 to 33.0 mN/m!

 The Molecular Defoaming Mechanism (Elimination of Gibbs-Marangoni Film Elasticity):
Conventional vertical surfactants form stable foam because their parallel C12–C18 chains lock together via lateral van der Waals attraction at the bubble wall, creating a high-viscosity, self-healing viscoelastic film (Gibbs-Marangoni elasticity). When horizontally oriented molecules of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) adsorb into a foam bubble lamella, they push apart the vertical surfactant chains. Because the bulky, umbrella-like isobutyl branches of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) have zero lateral chain-to-chain cohesion, the surface viscosity and Marangoni elasticity of the bubble wall drop to zero: liquid drains rapidly from the lamella, and the bubble ruptures instantaneously before macro-foam or micro-foam pinholes can form!

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Commercial high-purity Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) supplied by Ataman Kimya is manufactured via the catalytic Favorskii alkynylation of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) with Acetylene gas:
- Stage 1 (Base-Catalyzed Favorskii Ethynylation / Alkynylation):
  In a dry, nitrogen-purged, explosion-proof jacketed pressure reactor, a finely dispersed suspension or complex of anhydrous Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) in an inert aprotic organic solvent (such as xylene, cyclohexane, toluene, or a glycol diether) is cooled to 5 to 30 °C. Purified Acetylene gas (HC(triple bond)CH, 1.00 mole) is introduced under strictly controlled low pressure (1.1 to 1.8 bar abs) while 2.00 moles of anhydrous Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, CAS 108-10-1) are metered slowly into the reactor over 2 to 4 hours with intensive cooling:
  2 (CH3)2CH-CH2-C(=O)-CH3 (MIBK) + HC(triple bond)CH + 2 KOH  --->  (CH3)2CH-CH2-C(CH3)(OK)-C(triple bond)C-C(OK)(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)2 + 2 H2O
  In the first step, one molecule of MIBK adds to acetylene to form the mono-adduct 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol (Surfynol 61 intermediate), which then reacts with the second molecule of MIBK to form the dipotassium alkoxide salt of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD).
- Stage 2 (Aqueous Hydrolysis, Phase Separation, and Acid Neutralization):
  Water is added at 20 to 40 °C to hydrolyze the dipotassium alkoxide salt into free Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in the upper organic phase and aqueous KOH in the lower lye phase. After separating the lower KOH lye layer for recovery, the upper organic layer is neutralized to pH 6.5–7.2 with 15%–20% aqueous phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, washed with deionized water until salt-free, and phase-separated.
- Stage 3 (Vacuum Fractional Distillation and Blending into Commercial Forms):
  The solvent and any unreacted MIBK or C8 mono-ynol fore-run are stripped off under vacuum, and the purified Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) product fraction is distilled under high vacuum (150 to 156 °C at 15–20 mbar / 10–15 Torr) in >= 98.5% purity (as the natural ~50:50 mixture of the meso and dl-racemic diastereomers). While still molten at 55–65 °C, the distilled Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is either filled into drums/pails to solidify as 100% Active TMDD, blended at 50%–85% w/w into Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, DPM, Butyl Glycol, or 2-Ethylhexanol to form ready-to-pump liquid grades, or sprayed onto high-oil-absorption precipitated silica to form 50% active free-flowing powder!

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

Typical physical constants and analytical specification limits for Ataman Kimya's 100% Active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (CAS 126-86-3, EC 204-809-1) and its 50% Liquid Solutions include:
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol (2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol)
- CAS Registry Number: 126-86-3
- EC / EINECS Number: 204-809-1
- Molecular Formula & Weight: C14H26O2 / 226.36 g/mol
- Ionic Character: Nonionic Gemini Acetylenic Diol Surfactant
- Active Assay (GC, sum of meso and dl diastereomers, 100% Grade): >= 98.0% w/w (typical 98.5% to 99.3% w/w; 50.0 +/- 1.0% w/w in 50% liquid/powder grades)
- Physical Appearance at 20–25 °C:
  - 100% Active Grade (TMDD 100%): White to pale yellow waxy solid / crystalline paste (clear pale yellow liquid above 46 °C)
  - 50% Liquid Grades (TMDD-PG50, TMDD-E50, TMDD-DPM50, TMDD-BC50, TMDD-A50): Clear, colorless to light yellow mobile liquids
  - 50% Powder Grade (TMDD-50S on Silica): White, free-flowing fine powder
- Odor: Mild, characteristic camphoraceous / mint-like odor
- Color (APHA / Pt-Co, Molten 100% Grade at 50 °C or 50% Liquid Grades, ASTM D1209): <= 100 to 150 APHA (typical 30 to 80 APHA; Gardner Color <= 2 to 3)
- Melting / Solidification Range (100% Active Grade): 37.0 to 46.0 °C (liquefies completely at 48–50 °C)
- Boiling Point (101.3 kPa / 760 mmHg): 253.0 to 255.0 °C (153–157 °C at 20 Torr)
- Specific Gravity / Density: 0.890 g/cm3 at 40 °C (molten 100% grade; ~0.915 g/cm3 solid at 20 °C; 0.960 g/cm3 at 25 °C for TMDD-PG50; 0.995 g/cm3 at 25 °C for TMDD-E50)
- Dynamic Viscosity: ~40 to 50 mPa·s at 50 °C (molten 100% grade); ~45 to 60 mPa·s at 25 °C (TMDD-PG50); ~38 mPa·s at 25 °C (TMDD-E50)
- Static Equilibrium Surface Tension (0.10% w/w Active in Water at 25 °C, Du Noüy Ring): 29.0 to 31.5 mN/m (dynes/cm; 38.0 to 40.0 mN/m at 0.01% w/w)
- Dynamic Surface Tension (0.10% w/w Active in Water at 25 °C, Maximum Bubble Pressure Tensiometer):
  - At 1 bubble/second: 31.0 to 32.5 mN/m (dynes/cm)
  - At 6 bubbles/second: 33.0 to 36.0 mN/m (dynes/cm)
- Ross-Miles Foam Height (0.10% w/w Active in Water at 25 °C, ASTM D1173): 0.0 mm initial / 0.0 mm after 5 minutes (100% Non-Foaming / Defoaming!)
- Draves Cotton Skein Wetting Time (0.10% w/w Active at 25 °C, ASTM D2281): <= 8 to 15 seconds
- Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB): ~4.0
- Water Content (Karl Fischer, 100% Grade): <= 0.30% w/w (typical <= 0.15% w/w)
- pH (0.1% w/w Aqueous Dispersion at 25 °C): 6.0 to 8.0 (neutral)
- Solubility in Water at 25 °C: ~1.1 to 1.7 g/L (0.11% to 0.17% w/w; solubilized above 0.17% by glycol ethers, co-solvents, or ethoxylated surfactants)
- Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (log Pow / log Kow, OECD 117): 2.6 to 2.8

WHY EACH IMPORTANT PROPERTY OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) MATTERS IN PRACTICE

 Flat Dynamic Surface Tension Curve (~31 mN/m at 1 b/s to ~34 mN/m at 6 b/s):
In high-speed industrial coating and printing (where fresh liquid surface is created in < 10 to 50 milliseconds), a conventional alcohol ethoxylate or sulfosuccinate surfactant having a static surface tension of 30 mN/m often exhibits a dynamic surface tension of 55 to 65 mN/m at 6 bubbles/second because its micelles cannot unpack fast enough—causing film retraction, edge beading, and un-wetted pinholes! Because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) does not form rigid micelles and diffuses as free monomers, its dynamic surface tension at 6 bubbles/second stays down at ~33 to 36 mN/m, guaranteeing instantaneous wetting on low-energy plastics, oily steel, and coated paperboard.

 Zero Ross-Miles Foam Height (0.0 mm) and Micro-Foam Elimination:
Every other class of fast wetting agent (sulfosuccinates like DOSS, linear ethoxylates, or fluorosurfactants) stabilizes foam bubbles, forcing formulators to add hydrophobic silicone or mineral-oil defoamers that cause craters ("fisheyes") and ruin recoat adhesion. Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is both a dynamic wetting agent AND a molecular defoamer (0.0 mm foam height), eliminating micro-foam pinholes while improving leveling!

 Low Water Sensitivity in Cured Films (Solubility ~0.12% and HLB ~4):
Because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) has a low HLB (~4.0), limited water solubility (~1.2 g/L), and no hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains, once a waterborne coating, ink, or pressure-sensitive adhesive dries, residual Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) does NOT cause water blushing, whitening, or loss of wet adhesion when the cured film is exposed to rain, condensation, or ice-water immersion!

WHAT PROBLEMS CAN TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) HELP SOLVE?

Eliminating Craters, "Fisheyes", Crawling, and Picture-Framing on Low-Energy & Contaminated Substrates: Adding 0.1% to 0.5% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) to waterborne automotive basecoats, industrial metal primers, wood lacquers, and plastic coatings reduces dynamic surface tension to ~31 mN/m, allowing the wet film to wet out across lightly oiled steel, corona-treated PE/PP/PET films, and silicone-contaminated wood without crawling or cratering.

Eradicating Invisible Micro-Foam Pinholes and Air Entrainment Without Silicone Defoamers: In airless spray coatings, curtain coatings, dip coatings (latex gloves), and two-component waterborne polyurethanes, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) destabilizes micro-bubbles < 50 microns in diameter so they burst during wet flash-off rather than baking into surface pinholes.

Solving High-Speed Press Foaming and Poor Dot Gain in Flexographic, Gravure, and Inkjet Inks: In waterborne flexo/gravure packaging inks and piezo/thermal inkjet fluids, 0.2% to 0.8% w/w Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) prevents ink-fountain foaming at press speeds > 300 m/min and controls drop spreading on paper and film for razor-sharp halftone dots.

Replacing Isopropanol (IPA) in Offset Lithographic Fountain Solutions: Blending Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) with ethoxylated TMDD (such as 4-EO or 10-EO TMDD) in sheetfed and web offset dampening water lowers dynamic interfacial tension rapidly enough to eliminate or slash volatile isopropanol (IPA) from 12% down to 0%–2%!

Accelerating Pigment Grinding and Reducing Millbase Viscosity: In aqueous TiO2, iron oxide, carbon black, and organic pigment slurries, adding 0.2% to 1.0% w/w Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) displaces trapped air from internal pigment agglomerate pores, cutting bead-milling time by 20% to 35% and preventing millbase foaming.

Eliminating Air Voids and Improving Wetting in Dry-Mix Tile Adhesives, Self-Leveling Underlayments, and Concrete Admixtures: Using the 50% silica-supported powder grade of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (TMDD-50S at 0.05% to 0.25% w/w) de-airs polymer-modified cement mortars and gypsum slurries, increasing compressive strength and creating pinhole-free smooth floors.

BENEFITS FOR THE MANUFACTURER AND END USER

- Three-in-One Multifunctionality: Acts simultaneously as a dynamic substrate wetting agent, a molecular micro-foam defoamer/de-airing agent, and a pigment grind aid.
- 100% Silicone-Free, Oil-Free, and Fluorine-Free (PFAS-Free): Zero risk of silicone craters, inter-coat recoatability failure, heat-seal loss, or regulated PFAS contamination.
- Zero Negative Impact on Water Resistance or Wet Adhesion: Does not re-emulsify or cause water-whitening ("blushing") in dried coating or adhesive films.
- Broad Regulatory Clearances for Food Packaging & Agriculture: Cleared under US FDA 21 CFR 175.105 (adhesives), 175.300 (resinous/polymeric can & coil coatings), 176.170/176.180 (food-contact paper/paperboard), and US EPA 40 CFR 180.910/180.920 (crop protection inerts).
- Full Suite of Liquid and Powder Delivery Forms: Available as 100% solid and in Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, DPM, Butyl Glycol, 2-Ethylhexanol, IPA, or on Amorphous Silica powder to match any solvent or VOC requirement.

APPLICATIONS OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is utilized across eight high-technology industrial application sectors:
Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is utilized as a primary dynamic wetting, leveling, and anti-cratering agent in Waterborne Automotive OEM Basecoats & Primers, Industrial Metal & Coil Coatings, Wood Furniture Lacquers, Electrodeposition (E-Coat) Paints, Architectural Enamels, and Food-Can Interior Coatings.
Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is used for high-speed dynamic wetting, foam suppression, and dot-sharpness control in Waterborne Flexographic and Gravure Packaging Printing Inks, Overprint Varnishes (OPV), Digital Piezo/Thermal Inkjet Inks, and IPA-Free Offset Lithographic Fountain Solutions.
Also Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is utilized in the preparation of Waterborne Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (Acrylic, VAE, and SBR Emulsion PSAs for labels and tapes) and Flexible Food-Packaging Laminating Adhesives to eliminate high-speed slot-die/gravure coating streaks, fish-eyes, and micro-foam bubbles.
For Aqueous Organic & Inorganic Pigment Dispersions, Ceramic Glazes, and Paper Coating Colors, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is used as a low-foam pigment pore-wetting and viscosity-reducing grind auxiliary.

In Dry-Mix Construction Mortars, Self-Leveling Cementitious Underlayments (SLU), Tile Adhesives, Grouts, and PCE Concrete Superplasticizers, the silica-powder and liquid grades of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) are employed to eliminate entrapped air pinholes and enhance substrate wetting.
Furthermore, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is applied in Agrochemical Crop Protection Formulations (SC, EW, SE, SL, WDG, and WP) and Tank-Mix Spray Adjuvants to reduce droplet dynamic surface tension and prevent spray bounce-off on waxy plant leaves without tank foaming.
Additionally, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is utilized in Synthetic Latex Dipping (preventing pinholes in Nitrile NBR, Natural Rubber, and Polychloroprene surgical and examination gloves), Metalworking Fluids, Electroplating & Acid Pickling Baths, and Semiconductor Silicon Wafer Etching/Developer Solutions.
Moreover, 100% Active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is used as the hydrophobic starter diol reacted with 1.3 to 30 moles of Ethylene Oxide to manufacture Ethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol Surfactants (CAS 9014-85-1, Surfynol 420, 440, 465, 485 equivalents).

WHICH INDUSTRIES USE TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)?

- The Waterborne Paint, Automotive OEM Coating, Can/Coil Coating, and Wood Finishing Industry uses Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) for silicone-free dynamic wetting, crater prevention, and micro-foam de-airing.
- The Printing Ink (Flexo, Gravure, Screen), Digital Inkjet, and Offset Fountain Solution Industry utilizes Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) to achieve high-speed film wetting and zero fountain foaming.
- The Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive (PSA), Label Stock, and Flexible Packaging Laminating Adhesive Industry relies on Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) for defect-free high-speed web coating.
- The Construction Chemicals, Dry-Mix Mortar, Self-Leveling Floor, and Concrete Admixture Industry employs liquid and powder grades of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) as a non-retarding air-release agent.
- The Agrochemical Formulation, Latex Glove Dipping, and Pulp & Paper Coating Industry uses Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) for low-foam wetting and pinhole elimination.
- The Semiconductor Electronics, Electroplating, Metalworking Fluid, and Specialty Surfactant Manufacturing Industry utilizes high-purity Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) for ultra-clean wafer wetting and ethoxylate synthesis.

USE OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) IN WATERBORNE COATINGS, PRINTING INKS, FOUNTAIN SOLUTIONS AND ADHESIVES

- Waterborne Industrial, Automotive, and Wood Coatings with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD): In waterborne acrylic, styrene-acrylic, polyurethane dispersion (PUD), alkyd emulsion, and 2K waterborne epoxy/polyurethane coatings, adding 0.15% to 0.60% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (typically dosed as 0.3% to 1.2% w/w of a 50% liquid solution such as TMDD-PG50, TMDD-DPM50, or TMDD-BC50 during the pigment grind or let-down stage) lowers dynamic surface tension to ~31–33 mN/m. Because the equilibrium solubility of pure Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in pure water is ~0.12% w/w (1.2 g/L), in coatings containing 3% to 10% glycol ether co-solvents (such as DPM, PnB, or butyl glycol) and acrylic/PUD resins, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is completely solubilized up to 0.5%–1.0% w/w. In zero-VOC, co-solvent-free coatings where higher water solubility is required, formulators blend Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in a 1:1 to 1:2 ratio with a 4-mole or 10-mole ethoxylated TMDD (CAS 9014-85-1) or nonionic surfactant so the ethoxylate acts as a micellar carrier that prevents oily kick-out while preserving zero-foam dynamic wetting.

- Waterborne Flexographic/Gravure Inks, Inkjet Fluids, and Offset Fountain Solutions with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD): In waterborne flexo and gravure inks printed on low-surface-energy corona-treated polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (BOPP), PET, and foil at 200 to 500 m/min, 0.2% to 1.0% w/w of TMDD-PG50 or TMDD-PA75 (in isopropanol) eliminates doctor-blade and ink-pan foaming while ensuring complete ink transfer out of fine anilox cells. In digital aqueous inkjet inks, 0.1% to 0.5% w/w Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) ensures sub-millisecond meniscus recovery at the printhead nozzle plate (10 to 50 kHz firing frequency) without micro-bubble starvation.
- Waterborne Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) and Laminating Adhesives with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD): In acrylic and carboxylated SBR/VAE emulsion PSAs coated onto low-energy siliconized release liners at > 300 m/min, conventional sulfosuccinate wetting agents (DOSS) generate severe foam in the recirculating coating pan and cause water-whitening in clear "no-label-look" beverage labels. Incorporating 0.15% to 0.50% w/w of TMDD-PG50 or TMDD-A50 (in 2-ethylhexanol) suppresses recirculation foam completely and prevents adhesive retraction ("crawling") on silicone liners without reducing peel or shear adhesion.

USE OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) IN CONSTRUCTION DRY-MIX MORTARS, LATEX GLOVE DIPPING AND AGROCHEMICALS

- Dry-Mix Mortars, Tile Adhesives, and PCE Concrete Superplasticizers with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD): In self-leveling cementitious underlayments (SLU), polymer-modified tile adhesives, and non-shrink grouts, adding 0.05% to 0.25% w/w of the 50% silica-supported powder grade (TMDD-50S) into the dry bag blend provides immediate powder wetting when water is added on-site and releases trapped air bubbles during troweling or pumping—eliminating surface pinholes ("bug holes") and boosting 28-day compressive strength by 5% to 12%. In liquid polycarboxylate ether (PCE) concrete superplasticizer admixtures, 0.05% to 0.20% w/w of TMDD-PG50 acts as a non-separating air-detraining agent that removes coarse, strength-reducing air voids while preserving intentional micro-air-entrainment.
- Synthetic Latex Dipping (NBR / NR Gloves) and Agrochemical Formulations with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD): In the manufacture of ultra-thin nitrile (NBR) and natural rubber medical examination gloves, adding 0.1% to 0.4% w/w Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) to both the calcium nitrate coagulant bath and the compounded latex dipping tank ensures uniform porcelain-former wetting and eliminates fatal micro-bubble pinholes.

FORMULATION AND PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

 Melting and Dissolving 100% Active Solid Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) vs. Using Ready-to-Pump 50% Liquid Grades:
- Handling 100% Active Solid TMDD (Melting Point 37–46 °C): To liquefy 100% active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in drums or pails, warm the closed container in a thermostated hot-air oven or warm-water bath at 50 to 60 °C until completely melted into a clear mobile liquid (~45 mPa·s), mix gently, and dissolve directly into your formulation's co-solvent (such as propylene glycol, DPM, butyl glycol, or alcohol) BEFORE adding to the aqueous phase.
- Preventing Crystalline Kick-Out ("Seeding") in Co-Solvent-Free Water Systems: Never dump molten 100% pure Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) directly into cold, surfactant-free water at concentrations above its intrinsic water solubility limit (~0.12% w/w at 20 °C), or the excess undissolved TMDD will solidify into tiny waxy crystals that can act as hydrophobic crater nuclei! Always pre-dissolve Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in a glycol or glycol ether co-solvent (or use Ataman Kimya's ready-to-pump 50% liquid grades TMDD-PG50, TMDD-E50, TMDD-DPM50, or TMDD-BC50) and add under high-shear agitation (such as in the pigment millbase or high-speed let-down) so any concentration above 0.12% is stably solubilized by the binder and co-surfactants.

High-Shear Incorporation Protocol:
When adding Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) during the post-let-down stage of a low-viscosity waterborne coating or clear overprint varnish, mix under moderate-to-high shear for at least 15 to 30 minutes to ensure complete molecular dispersion across the latex micelles and co-solvent phase.

TYPICAL USE LEVELS AND INITIAL FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

Typical commercial incorporation levels for Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (expressed both on a 100% active TMDD basis and on a 50% liquid/powder product basis) include:
- Waterborne Industrial, Wood, Can, and Automotive Coatings: 0.05% to 0.40% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) on total formulation weight (equivalent to 0.10% to 0.80% w/w of a 50% liquid grade such as TMDD-PG50, TMDD-DPM50, or TMDD-BC50).
- Waterborne Flexographic & Gravure Printing Inks and Overprint Varnishes (OPV): 0.10% to 0.50% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (0.20% to 1.00% w/w of 50% liquid grade).
- Digital Aqueous Piezo & Thermal Inkjet Inks: 0.05% to 0.30% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (often paired with ethoxylated TMDD 10-EO).
- IPA-Free / Low-IPA Offset Lithographic Fountain Solution Concentrates: 0.50% to 2.50% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in the concentrate (delivering 0.01% to 0.05% w/w active TMDD in the diluted press dampening water).
- Waterborne Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSA) & Laminating Adhesives: 0.10% to 0.40% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (0.20% to 0.80% w/w of TMDD-PG50 or TMDD-A50).
- Aqueous Pigment Concentrates & Millbases (TiO2, Carbon Black, Organic Pigments): 0.15% to 0.80% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) on total millbase weight.
- Dry-Mix Cementitious Self-Leveling Underlayments, Tile Adhesives & Grouts: 0.03% to 0.15% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (0.06% to 0.30% w/w of 50% silica-powder grade TMDD-50S on dry mortar weight).
- Agrochemical Suspension Concentrates (SC) & Wettable Powders (WP/WDG): 0.10% to 0.60% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD).
The four laboratory and pilot frameworks below illustrate preliminary R&D evaluation protocols for qualified technical personnel formulating with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD).

EXAMPLE 1: CRATER-FREE, PINHOLE-FREE WATERBORNE POLYURETHANE-ACRYLIC WOOD & METAL ENAMEL FORMULATED WITH TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

Purpose: To evaluate dynamic surface tension reduction (at 6 bubbles/sec), airless-spray micro-foam pinhole elimination, and crater resistance on lightly contaminated cold-rolled steel and oak veneer panels in a waterborne Polyurethane-Acrylic hybrid topcoat modified with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (50% in Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether, TMDD-DPM50).
Initial waterborne enamel formulation (per 1,000.0 g batch, solids ~38.0% w/w, VOC < 50 g/L):
- Millbase Grind Stage:
  - Deionized Water: 65.0 g
  - Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DPM, coalescent / co-solvent): 20.0 g
  - Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) 50% Solution in DPM (CAS 126-86-3, Ataman Kimya TMDD-DPM50 Grade,Surfynol 104DPM equivalent, delivering 2.0 g = 0.20% w/w active TMDD for pigment pore wetting and millbase foam control): 4.0 g
  - Acrylic Block Copolymer Pigment Dispersant (40% active): 8.5 g
  - Rutile Titanium Dioxide Pigment (TiO2, Al/Zr surface-treated): 190.0 g
- Let-Down Stage:
  - Aliphatic Polyurethane-Acrylic Hybrid Dispersion (40.0% solids, MFFT 12 °C, pH 8.1): 650.0 g
  - Dipropylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (DPnB, film coalescent): 15.0 g
  - Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) 50% Solution in DPM (added in let-down to deliver an additional 1.5 g = 0.15% w/w active TMDD; Total active TMDD in formula = 0.35% w/w): 3.0 g
  - Non-Ionic Associative Polyurethane (HEUR) Rheology Modifier (20% active): 12.0 g
  - 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT, 20% biocide) + Deionized Water (balance): 32.5 g
Laboratory evaluation procedure:
- Stage 1 (High-Speed Pigment Dispersion without Millbase Foam): Premix the 65.0 g water, 20.0 g DPM, 4.0 g TMDD-DPM50, and 8.5 g dispersant in a jacketed dispersing vessel, add the 190.0 g TiO2, and disperse at 4,000 rpm for 20 minutes using a cowles sawtooth blade. Confirm Hegman fineness of grind >= 7.5 and measure millbase wet density: verify >= 1.82 g/cm3 (confirming zero air entrainment during high-shear dispersion thanks to Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD)!).
- Stage 2 (Let-Down and High-Shear Equilibration): Under medium propeller agitation (500 rpm), add the 650.0 g PU-acrylic dispersion, then slowly meter in a pre-blend of the 15.0 g DPnB coalescent and 3.0 g TMDD-DPM50 over 10 minutes. Stir for 20 minutes, adjust viscosity to 85 KU with the HEUR thickener and water, and let equilibrate overnight.
- Stage 3 (Dynamic Surface Tension, Airless Spray Pinhole, and Crater Testing): Measure Dynamic Surface Tension at 6 bubbles/second (1:4 dilution in water on a bubble pressure tensiometer: confirm <= 34.5 mN/m vs 56.0 mN/m for an untreated control!). Apply the enamel by airless spray (150 bar, 0.013-inch tip) at 125 microns wet film thickness onto cold-rolled steel panels intentionally lightly wiped with 5 mg/m2 stamping oil, and bake/cure at 60 °C: confirm 100% wetting with zero craters or fisheyes, zero micro-foam pinholes under 40x microscope inspection at 125 microns wet build, 60° specular gloss >= 88 GU, and 100% cross-hatch inter-coat adhesion (ASTM D3359 5B) when recoated with a second layer!

EXAMPLE 2: HIGH-SPEED WATERBORNE FLEXOGRAPHIC PACKAGING INK FOR CORONA-TREATED POLYETHYLENE / BOPP FILM WITH TMDD-PG50

Purpose: To formulate a zero-foam, fast-wetting waterborne flexographic cyan ink using Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (50% in Propylene Glycol, TMDD-PG50) for high-speed printing (300 m/min) on 38-dyne corona-treated LDPE and BOPP packaging films.
Initial waterborne flexo ink formulation (per 1,000.0 g batch, viscosity 20–22 seconds Zahn Cup No. 2 at 25 °C):
- Aqueous Phthalocyanine Blue 15:3 Pigment Base Dispersion (42% pigment, stabilized with styrene-acrylic resin): 350.0 g
- Film-Forming Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion Vehicle (45% solids, Tg -5 °C, pH 8.3): 460.0 g
- Polyethylene / PTFE Micronized Wax Dispersion (35% solids, rub/slip modifier): 35.0 g
- n-Propanol / Propylene Glycol Co-Solvent Blend (2:1, drying rate & resolubility adjuster): 50.0 g
- Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) 50% Solution in Propylene Glycol (CAS 126-86-3, Ataman Kimya TMDD-PG50 Grade, Surfynol 104PG-50 equivalent, FDA 21 CFR 175.105 / 176.170 compliant, delivering 4.0 g = 0.40% w/w active TMDD): 8.0 g (0.80% w/w as supplied)
- Ethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol (10 moles EO, HLB 13, micellar solubilizer co-surfactant): 2.0 g (0.20% w/w)
- Deionized Water + Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA, to pH 8.6): 95.0 g
Laboratory evaluation procedure:
- Pre-blend the 8.0 g TMDD-PG50 and 2.0 g ethoxylated TMDD into the 50.0 g n-propanol/propylene glycol co-solvent until crystal clear, then meter slowly into the agitated mixture of 350.0 g cyan pigment base and 460.0 g styrene-acrylic emulsion at 600 rpm over 15 minutes.
- Add the 35.0 g wax dispersion and remaining ammoniacal/DMEA water to adjust Zahn Cup No. 2 efflux time to 21.0 seconds at 25 °C.
- Subject 500 mL of the finished ink to a high-speed recirculating peristaltic/gear-pump ink-pan foam test for 60 minutes: verify zero surface foam accumulation and < 1% density drop (compared to > 25% foam overflow when using sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate DOSS!).
- Print the ink using a 400-line/inch ceramic anilox roll onto 38 dynes/cm corona-treated LDPE and BOPP films: confirm 100% pinhole-free solid laydown, sharp halftone dot reproduction without dot bridging, 60° gloss >= 72 GU, and 100% crinkle/tape adhesion (ASTM D3359) after drying at 55 °C for 5 seconds.

EXAMPLE 3: HIGH-SPEED WATERBORNE ACRYLIC PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE (PSA) DE-AIRING AND SILICONE-LINER WETTING WITH TMDD

Purpose: To eliminate slot-die/gravure coating streaks ("crawling" on low-energy silicone release liners) and recirculation micro-foam in a waterborne acrylic label Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) using Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (50% in 2-Ethylhexanol, TMDD-A50, or 50% in Propylene Glycol, TMDD-PG50).
Initial waterborne PSA formulation (per 1,000.0 g batch, solids ~56.0% w/w):
- Carboxylated 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate / Butyl Acrylate Copolymer PSA Emulsion (58.0% solids, Tg = -42 °C, pH 7.5, initial surface tension 46 mN/m): 960.0 g
- Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) 50% Solution in Propylene Glycol or 2-Ethylhexanol (CAS 126-86-3, Ataman Kimya Adhesive Grade, FDA 21 CFR 175.105 compliant, delivering 2.5 g = 0.25% w/w active TMDD): 5.0 g (0.50% w/w as supplied)
- Polyether-Modified Sulfosuccinate Co-Wetting Surfactant (optional, reduced to ultra-low level): 1.5 g (0.15% w/w)
- Deionized Water + Aqueous Ammonia (to adjust pH 8.0 and Brookfield viscosity to 450 mPa·s at 20 rpm): 33.5 g
Laboratory evaluation procedure:
- Dilute the 5.0 g TMDD-50% solution and 1.5 g co-surfactant with 15.0 g warm deionized water under high-shear mixing, then meter subsurface into the 960.0 g acrylic PSA emulsion over 15 minutes at 400 rpm (avoiding vortex air entrapment) and stir for 30 minutes.
- Measure dynamic surface tension (confirming drop from 46 mN/m down to 31.8 mN/m) and perform a 3,000 rpm Waring blender air-entrainment test: verify that entrained micro-bubbles clear completely within < 10 minutes without leaving oily silicone droplets.
- Coat the PSA at 20 g/m2 dry coat weight onto a low-energy (20 mN/m) siliconized glassine release liner using a high-speed laboratory reverse-gravure coater, dry at 90 °C for 2 minutes, and laminate to clear BOPP film ("no-label-look" beverage label): confirm zero edge retraction or dry-spot craters on the silicone liner, optical haze < 0.8%, zero water-whitening ("blush") after 24 hours immersion in 4 °C ice water, and 100% retention of 180° stainless-steel peel adhesion (>= 14 N/25 mm) and loop tack!

EXAMPLE 4: PINHOLE-FREE SELF-LEVELING CEMENTITIOUS FLOOR UNDERLAYMENT (SLU) FORMULATED WITH SILICA-SUPPORTED POWDER TMDD-50S

Purpose: To evaluate powder de-airing, surface pinhole elimination, and 28-day compressive strength gain in a polymer-modified Self-Leveling Cementitious Underlayment (SLU) dry-mix mortar formulated with 0.15% w/w of 50% Silica-Supported Powder Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (TMDD-50S).
Initial dry-mix SLU mortar formulation (per 1,000.0 g dry powder blend; mixed with 220.0 g water):
- Ordinary Portland Cement (CEM I 42.5 R): 220.0 g (22.0% w/w)
- Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC, rapid-setting Ternal/Fondu type): 80.0 g (8.0% w/w)
- Calcium Sulfate Anhydrite / Hemihydrate (shrinkage compensator): 50.0 g (5.0% w/w)
- Graded Quartz Silica Sand (0.1 to 0.4 mm): 410.0 g (41.0% w/w)
- Ground Calcium Carbonate Filler (d50 = 15 microns): 203.35 g (20.335% w/w)
- Redispersible Polymer Powder (VAE copolymer, Tg -7 °C, flexibility & adhesion binder): 30.0 g (3.0% w/w)
- Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) Powder Superplasticizer: 2.50 g (0.25% w/w)
- Cellulose Ether (low-viscosity HPMC) + Tartaric Acid + Lithium Carbonate Set Regulators: 2.65 g (0.265% w/w)
- Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) 50% Powder on Amorphous Silica Carrier (CAS 126-86-3, Ataman Kimya TMDD-50S Construction Grade, Surfynol 104S equivalent, delivering 0.75 g = 0.075% w/w active TMDD): 1.50 g (0.15% w/w)
Laboratory evaluation procedure:
- Dry-blend all powder components in a laboratory ploughshare mixer for 5 minutes until homogeneous.
- Pour 1,000.0 g of the dry SLU powder into 220.0 g of tap water (20 °C) and mix with a high-speed helical drill paddle (1,200 rpm) for 2.0 minutes.
- Measure wet mortar density (confirming 2.12 g/cm3 and entrained air content <= 1.8% with TMDD-50S, compared to 7.5% air and 1.94 g/cm3 without defoamer!), EN 12706 flow-ring spread diameter (target >= 145 mm with zero edge bleeding), and pour a 5.0 mm thick test slab onto primed concrete.
- After 24 hours and 28 days curing at 23 °C / 50% RH: confirm a mirror-smooth, crater-free, pinhole-free top surface ready for direct vinyl floor bonding (with zero oil slick that could impair floor-adhesive bonding!), and 28-day EN 13892-2 compressive strength >= 36.5 MPa (an 18% strength increase over the un-defoamed control!).

COMPATIBILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

- Broad Formulation Compatibility & Synergies:
  - Resins & Binders: Compatible with acrylic, styrene-acrylic, vinyl-acrylic, VAE, SBR, NBR, polyurethane dispersions (PUDs), alkyd emulsions, water-reducible epoxies, amino/melamine baking resins, and cement/gypsum mineral binders.
  - Synergistic Co-Surfactants: Exhibits classic micellar-solubilization and dynamic-wetting synergy with Ethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiols (such as 4-EO, 10-EO, and 30-EO TMDD, CAS 9014-85-1), nonionic alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), and anionic sulfosuccinates / polycarboxylate dispersants.
  - pH & Electrolyte Stability: Because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) has no hydrolyzable ester bonds (unlike sulfosuccinates DOSS or organosilicones, which hydrolyze rapidly below pH 4 or above pH 9!), Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is 100% hydrolytically stable across pH 1.0 to 14.0—including concentrated acid metal-pickling baths and pH 13 Portland cement slurries!
- ChemicalIncompatibilities:
  - Strong Oxidizing Agents, Halogens, and Hydrogenation Catalysts: The internal carbon-carbon triple bond (-C(triple bond)C-) reacts exothermically with strong oxidizers (concentrated nitric acid, permanganates, chromic acid, perchlorates), free halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine), and strong mineral acids or Lewis acids at elevated temperatures (which can trigger Meyer-Schuster / Rupe rearrangement into conjugated unsaturated ketones).

TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD, CAS 126-86-3) AND ETHOXYLATED TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOLS (SURFYNOL 420 / 440 / 465 / 485, CAS 9014-85-1)

Ethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiols (CAS 9014-85-1) are produced by reacting 1 mole of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) with 1.3 moles (20% wt EO, HLB 4), 3.5 moles (40% wt EO, HLB 8), 10 moles (65% wt EO, HLB 13), or 30 moles (85% wt EO, HLB 17) of Ethylene Oxide at the two tertiary -OH groups. Adding EO chains converts the waxy solid TMDD into a room-temperature liquid and increases water solubility (up to > 10% in water for the 10-EO grade), but progressively reduces molecular defoaming power and increases cured-film water sensitivity. In practice, 100% unethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (CAS 126-86-3) provides the lowest static/dynamic surface tension (~29.5 mN/m), strongest defoaming (0.0 mm foam), and highest water resistance, and is often paired with the 4-EO or 10-EO ethoxylate in co-solvent-free waterborne systems.

TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD, CAS 126-86-3) AND POLYETHER-MODIFIED SILOXANES (SILICONE WETTING & DEFOAMING AGENTS)

Organosilicone surfactants (polyether-modified trisiloxanes and polydimethylsiloxanes) lower static surface tension to 21–24 mN/m, but silicones diffuse more slowly under high-frequency dynamic conditions, stabilize macro-foam unless paired with hydrophobic silica, hydrolyze below pH 4 or above pH 9, and—most critically—cause severe craters ("fisheyes"), ghosting, and inter-coat delamination when recoated or over-printed! Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is 100% silicone-free, causes zero craters, and guarantees 100% recoatability and heat-sealability.

TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD, CAS 126-86-3) AND SODIUM DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE (DOSS / AEROSOL OT, CAS 577-11-7)

Sodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate (DOSS) is a widely used anionic wetting agent in adhesives and inks, but DOSS generates heavy, persistent foam (Ross-Miles foam > 140 mm), hydrolyzes in alkaline coatings, and causes severe water-whitening ("blushing") in dried clear PSA labels and wood varnishes. Replacing or combining DOSS with Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) eliminates foaming while maintaining fast dynamic wetting and crystal-clear water resistance.

QUALITY GRADES, QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

Ataman Kimya supplies Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) across the complete range of 100% active solid, ready-to-meter liquid, and free-flowing powder grades:
1. TMDD 100% Active Solid Grade (Surfynol 104 Equivalent):
>= 98.0% to 99.0% w/w 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, white to pale yellow waxy solid, melting range 37 to 46 °C, moisture <= 0.30%, molten color <= 100 APHA, 0.1% aqueous surface tension <= 31.5 mN/m, Ross-Miles foam 0.0 mm.
2. TMDD 50% to 85% Ready-to-Use Liquid Solutions:
- TMDD-PG50 (50% w/w TMDD in Propylene Glycol, Surfynol 104PG-50 equivalent; low-VOC, low-toxicity, pour point <= -10 °C).
- TMDD-E50 (50% w/w TMDD in Ethylene Glycol, Surfynol 104E equivalent) and TMDD-H85 (85% w/w TMDD in Ethylene Glycol, Surfynol 104H equivalent).
- TMDD-DPM50 (50% w/w TMDD in Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, Surfynol 104DPM equivalent).
- TMDD-BC50 (50% w/w TMDD in 2-Butoxyethanol / Butyl Glycol, Surfynol 104BC equivalent).
- TMDD-A50 (50% w/w TMDD in 2-Ethylhexanol, Surfynol 104A equivalent) and TMDD-PA75 (75% w/w TMDD in Isopropanol, Surfynol 104PA equivalent).
3. TMDD-50S Free-Flowing Dry Powder Grade (Surfynol 104S Equivalent):
46% to 50% w/w active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) absorbed onto high-porosity precipitated amorphous silica carrier for dry-mix mortars, tile adhesives, grouts, and WP/WDG agrochemicals.

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

- Commercial Packaging Formats from Ataman Kimya:
  - 100% Active Solid Grade: 170 kg or 180 kg net open-head or tight-head steel drums, 20 kg pails, or 20 kg multi-wall lined bags (flaked/pastille form).
  - 50%–85% Liquid Grades: 180 kg or 200 kg net tight-head steel or HDPE drums and 950 kg IBC totes.
  - 50% Silica Powder Grade (TMDD-50S): 15 kg or 20 kg multi-wall polyethylene-lined paper bags.
- Storage Conditions, Drum Melting, and Shelf Life:
  - Store all grades of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in tightly closed original containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated indoor warehouse (5 to 35 °C) away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and strong oxidizing agents.
  - Melting Protocol for 100% Solid Grade: To liquefy drums of 100% active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD), heat in a warm-air oven or water bath at 50 to 60 °C (never exceeding 70 °C) for 16 to 24 hours until completely clear and liquid, then mix gently before drawing off.
  - Cold-Weather Note for Liquid Grades: If TMDD-E50 (in ethylene glycol) or TMDD-H85 is chilled below +5 °C in winter and partial crystallization occurs, warm gently to 25–35 °C and stir to restore a crystal-clear homogeneous solution. (TMDD-PG50 and TMDD-DPM50 remain liquid down to -10 °C.)
  - Shelf Life: Minimum 36 to 60 months (3 to 5 years) from date of manufacture when stored unopened in original containers!
- Transport Classification (ADR / RID / ADN / IMDG / IATA-DGR):
  - 100% Active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) & Glycol/Glycol-Ether Solutions (Flash Point > 60 °C): Not regulated as dangerous goods for transport (Non-Hazardous Cargo under ADR, RID, IMDG Code, and IATA; note that only the 75% Isopropanol solution TMDD-PA75 is classified as a Class 3 Flammable Liquid UN 1219 due to the isopropanol solvent).

FIRST AID MEASURES AND SAFETY INFORMATION FOR TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

- Toxicological and Workplace Safety Profile (GHS / EU CLP):
  - Acute Mammalian Toxicity: Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) exhibits low-to-moderate acute oral toxicity and low dermal toxicity: Rat Acute Oral LD50 > 500 to 2,000 mg/kg bw (reported ~1,400 to 4,600 mg/kg bw depending on vehicle); Rabbit Acute Dermal LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg bw.
  - Eye Irritation / Damage (GHS05 — H318): Direct contact of undiluted 100% or 50% Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) with the eyes causes serious eye irritation or corneal damage (Serious Eye Damage Category 1, H318); chemical splash goggles are mandatory when handling!
  - Skin Sensitization (GHS07 — H317): Classified under EU CLP as a Category 1B Skin Sensitizer (H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction upon repeated dermal contact with concentrated product). Non-irritating to skin at normal 0.1%–0.5% use dilutions.
  - Aquatic Toxicity (H412): Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects (96-h Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas LC50 = 36 to 42 mg/L; Daphnia magna 48-h EC50 = 88 to 91 mg/L; Green Algae 72-h ErC50 = 15 to 82 mg/L; low bioaccumulation potential with log Kow = 2.6–2.8 and BCF < 24).
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) & First Aid:
  - Wear tight-fitting chemical splash goggles or face shield (EN 166), impervious nitrile rubber or butyl rubber gloves (EN 374), and protective work clothing.
  - Eye Contact: IMMEDIATELY flush eyes with plenty of lukewarm running water for at least 15 to 20 minutes while holding eyelids wide open; remove contact lenses if easy to do and consult an ophthalmologist immediately!
  - Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and flowing water for 15 minutes; seek medical attention if skin rash or irritation occurs.
  - Inhalation: Move to fresh air if hot vapors, dust (from 50S powder), or spray mists are inhaled.
  - Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water and drink 1 glass of water if conscious; do NOT induce vomiting and seek medical advice.

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)?

1. Select the Optimal Physical Delivery Form for Your Formulation and VOC Targets:
- Choose TMDD 100% Active Solid if you have heated tanks (50 °C) or pre-dissolve into your own coalescent/co-solvent blend.
- Choose TMDD-PG50 (50% in Propylene Glycol) for low-VOC, eco-friendly architectural paints, graphic arts inks, and FDA 21 CFR 175.105 food-packaging adhesives.
- Choose TMDD-DPM50 (in Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether) or TMDD-BC50 (in 2-Butoxyethanol) for industrial metal, wood, and automotive OEM coatings.
- Choose TMDD-A50 (in 2-Ethylhexanol) for maximum defoaming synergy in pressure-sensitive adhesives and latex glove dipping.
- Choose TMDD-50S (50% Powder on Amorphous Silica) for dry-mix cementitious tile adhesives, self-leveling underlayments, and WP/WDG agrochemicals.

2. Verify GC Purity (>= 98.0%–99.0% on 100% basis), 0.1% Aqueous Surface Tension (<= 31.5 mN/m), and Zero Foam Height (0.0 mm) on the Certificate of Analysis: Ensure that unreacted methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and C8 mono-ynol fore-run have been vacuum-stripped below 0.3%–0.5% w/w so there is no ketone odor in indoor paints or food-packaging inks.
3. Consider Pairing with Ethoxylated TMDD (4-EO or 10-EO) in Zero-Co-Solvent Aqueous Systems: If your waterborne formula contains 0% glycol/glycol-ether co-solvents, co-dosing Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) with its 4-mole or 10-mole ethoxylate (both available from Ataman Kimya) prevents waxy kick-out while delivering ultra-low dynamic surface tension.

TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) SUPPLY FROM ATAMAN KİMYA

Ataman Kimya supplies high-purity Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, CAS 126-86-3, EC 204-809-1, Surfynol 104 series equivalents) directly from stock in Türkiye across all commercial forms: 100% Active Solid (TMDD 100%), 50% in Propylene Glycol (TMDD-PG50), 50% & 85% in Ethylene Glycol (TMDD-E50 / TMDD-H85), 50% in DPM (TMDD-DPM50), 50% in 2-Butoxyethanol (TMDD-BC50), 50% in 2-Ethylhexanol (TMDD-A50), 75% in Isopropanol (TMDD-PA75), and 50% Free-Flowing Silica Powder (TMDD-50S).
In addition to unethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (CAS 126-86-3), Ataman Kimya supplies the complete series of Ethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiols (CAS 9014-85-1: 1.3-EO / 20% wt EO, 3.5-EO / 40% wt EO, 10-EO / 65% wt EO, and 30-EO / 85% wt EO)—allowing formulators to fine-tune HLB from 4.0 to 17.0.

Every shipment of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) from Ataman Kimya is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (CoA) verifying GC active assay, static/dynamic surface tension, Ross-Miles foam height (0.0 mm), APHA/Gardner color, and Karl Fischer moisture, together with EU REACH / CLP and Turkish KKDIK compliant Safety Data Sheets.
For paint, printing ink, adhesive, and construction chemical manufacturers, Ataman Kimya provides one-stop supply of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) alongside glycol ether coalescents (DPM, DPnB, PnB, Butyl Glycol, Carbitol), TBEP leveling agent, polycarboxylate dispersants, associative HEUR/HASE thickeners, and biocides.
Ataman Kimya's technical specialists assist R&D laboratories with sample evaluation kits of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) and dynamic surface tension optimization across Türkiye, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD)

What makes Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) a "Gemini" surfactant, and why does it defoam while wetting?
Unlike traditional surfactants that have one hydrophilic head and one hydrophobic tail (which pack vertically at the air-water interface to form elastic, foam-stabilizing soap films), Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (CAS 126-86-3) has a symmetrical "Gemini" structure with a central hydrophilic acetylenic diol core (-C(OH)-C(triple bond)C-C(OH)-) flanked by two branched isobutyl/methyl hydrophobic wings. This forces the molecule to lie flat (horizontally) at the air-water interface, reducing dynamic surface tension to ~30 mN/m while preventing neighboring surfactant chains from packing into cohesive foam lamellae—causing entrained bubbles to drain and burst instantly!

Why is Dynamic Surface Tension more important than Static Surface Tension in high-speed printing inks, spray coatings, and adhesives?
Static (equilibrium) surface tension measures a liquid at rest after minutes of equilibration. However, in flexographic/gravure printing (300 m/min), airless spraying, or inkjet firing (20 kHz), new liquid-air and liquid-substrate interfaces are created in 1 to 20 milliseconds! Conventional micelle-forming surfactants cannot unpack their micelles fast enough to reach the new surface in milliseconds. Because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) has a compact molecular weight (226.36 g/mol) and does not lock molecules in rigid micelles, its free monomers diffuse to fresh interfaces in milliseconds—preventing crawling, craters, and dot skips at full production speed.

Why does Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) never cause the craters ("fisheyes") or recoat adhesion failure seen with silicone wetting agents and defoamers?
Silicone surfactants and defoamers rely on incompatible, ultra-low-surface-energy polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains (~20 mN/m) that easily form insoluble micro-droplets ("fisheye" craters) and migrate to the dried coating surface to block the adhesion of subsequent coats, UV varnishes, or laminating adhesives. Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is 100% organic, silicone-free, and fluorine-free—delivering crater-free leveling and 100% inter-coat recoatability.

Why is 100% pure Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) supplied both as a solid and as 50% solutions in solvents like Propylene Glycol (TMDD-PG50) or DPM (TMDD-DPM50)?
100% pure Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is a waxy crystalline solid at room temperature (melting range 37 to 46 °C). Pre-dissolving 50% w/w Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in Propylene Glycol (TMDD-PG50), Ethylene Glycol (TMDD-E50), Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (TMDD-DPM50), 2-Butoxyethanol (TMDD-BC50), or 2-Ethylhexanol (TMDD-A50) yields a crystal-clear, room-temperature pumpable liquid that can be metered directly into cold mixing tanks without heating drums or risking waxy solid specks!

What is the maximum solubility of unethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) in pure water, and how do you formulate above 0.15% in zero-VOC systems?
In pure water at 25 °C (with zero co-solvents or surfactants), the equilibrium solubility of unethoxylated Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is approximately 0.11% to 0.17% w/w (1.1 to 1.7 g/L). In standard waterborne coatings and inks, the presence of 2%–8% glycol/glycol-ether co-solvents and emulsion binders solubilizes 0.3% to 0.8% w/w TMDD easily. In 100% co-solvent-free water systems, blending Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) with an Ethoxylated TMDD (such as 4-EO or 10-EO TMDD, CAS 9014-85-1) solubilizes the TMDD completely in mixed micelles.

How does the 50% Silica Powder grade of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD-50S) improve dry-mix tile adhesives and self-leveling floor mortars?
TMDD-50S consists of 50% w/w liquid Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) absorbed into the mesopores of precipitated amorphous silica carrier powder. When water is added to the dry cement mortar on the job site, TMDD desorbs immediately into the mixing water—accelerating powder wet-out and releasing trapped air bubbles so the cured floor is completely free of surface pinholes and achieves 10% to 18% higher compressive strength.

Is Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) approved for food-packaging adhesives, paper coatings, and can lacquers?
Yes! Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (CAS 126-86-3) is cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration for indirect food-contact applications under 21 CFR 175.105 (Adhesives), 21 CFR 175.300 (Resinous and polymeric coatings for metal food cans), 21 CFR 176.170 and 176.180 (Components of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous, fatty, and dry foods), and 21 CFR 177.1210 (Closures with sealing gaskets).

Why is Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) stable in strongly acidic (pH 1) and strongly alkaline (pH 13) media where other surfactants decompose?
Unlike sulfosuccinates (DOSS), fatty acid esters, or organosilicones—which contain ester or Si-O-C bonds that hydrolyze rapidly in strong acids or alkaline cement/cleaner systems—Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) contains only C-C, C(triple bond)C, and tertiary C-OH bonds that are completely immune to hydrolytic cleavage from pH 1 to pH 14.

How does Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) help eliminate Isopropanol (IPA) in offset printing fountain solutions?
In offset lithography, fountain solution must wet the hydrophilic aluminum printing plate rapidly within milliseconds of cylinder rotation. Traditionally, 10% to 15% volatile Isopropanol (IPA) was required. Adding 0.01% to 0.04% active Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (paired with ethoxylated TMDD) into the dampening water provides the same millisecond dynamic surface tension reduction as 12% IPA—allowing printers to run 100% alcohol-free!

What is the shelf life of Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD)?
Because Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) is a chemically stable tertiary diol that does not hydrolyze or auto-oxidize under ambient storage, it has an exceptionally long shelf life of 36 to 60 months (3 to 5 years) in unopened original containers.

TETRAMETHYLDECYNDIOL (TMDD) – TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) (2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol, Tetramethyl Decynediol, Surfynol 104 series equivalent, CAS 126-86-3, EC 204-809-1, INCI: TETRAMETHYL DECYNEDIOL, C14H26O2, MW 226.36 g/mol) is the global benchmark nonionic Gemini acetylenic diol dynamic wetting agent, molecular defoamer, and pigment dispersion synergist. Combining a horizontal interfacial orientation, rapid non-micellar monomer diffusion (dynamic surface tension ~30 to 34 mN/m in milliseconds), zero foam generation (0.0 mm Ross-Miles foam height), 100% silicone-free and fluorine-free purity, and pH 1–14 hydrolytic stability, Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD) eliminates craters, fisheyes, crawling, and micro-foam pinholes across Waterborne Automotive, Industrial, Wood & Can Coatings, Flexographic, Gravure & Digital Inkjet Inks, IPA-Free Offset Fountain Solutions, Pressure-Sensitive & Food-Packaging Adhesives, Dry-Mix Self-Leveling Construction Mortars, Latex Glove Dipping, and Agrochemical Formulations. For technical data sheets, sample kits of 100% Solid, 50%–85% Liquid (PG, EG, DPM, BC, 2-EH, IPA), or 50% Silica Powder grades, or bulk drum and IBC quotations for Tetramethyldecyndiol (TMDD), contact Ataman Kimya:

Ataman Chemicals
Phone: +90 216 577 10 10
Email: info@atamankimya.com