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Thiocarbamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula SC(NH2)2 and the structure H2N−C(=S)−NH2.
Thiocarbamide is structurally similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom (as implied by the thio- prefix); however, the properties of urea and Thiocarbamide differ significantly.
Thiocarbamide is a reagent in organic synthesis.
Thiocarbamides are a broad class of compounds with the general structure R2N−C(=S)−NR2.
IUPAC Name: Thiourea
CAS Number: 62-56-6
EC Number: 200-543-5
Chemical formula: CH4N2S
Other names: THIOUREA, Thiocarbamide, 62-56-6, 2-Thiourea, Isothiourea, Pseudothiourea, Sulfourea, Thiuronium, Sulourea, 2-Thiopseudourea, Thiocarbonic acid diamide, Urea, thio-, Carbamimidothioic acid, beta-Thiopseudourea, Thiomocovina, Urea, 2-thio-, Tsizp 34, Pseudourea, 2-thio-, Thioharnstoff, Thiokarbamid, USAF EK-497, carbonothioic diamide, Thiocarbamid, Sulfouren, Caswell No. 855, NSC 5033, CCRIS 588, aminothioamide, GYV9AM2QAG, thio-urea, UNII-GYV9AM2QAG, HSDB 1401, 17356-08-0, aminothiocarboxamide, EINECS 200-543-5, H2NC(S)NH2, .beta.-Thiopseudourea, DTXSID9021348, CHEBI:36946, AI3-03582, NSC-5033, MFCD00008067, (NH2)2CS, CHEMBL260876, DTXCID101348, NSC5033, EC 200-543-5, THIOUREA (IARC), TOU, sulfocarbamide, RCRA waste no. U219, CAS-62-56-6, S C (N H2)2, THIOUREA, ACS, thiopseudourea, 2-Thio-Pseudourea, Thiocarbonic diamide, 2-Thio-Urea, beta -thiopseudourea, Urea, 2-thio, Caswell no 855, THIOCARBMATE, Thiourea, 99%, thiourea; thiocarbamide, WLN: ZYZUS, Urea, thio- (8CI), MLS002454451, BIDD:ER0582, HMS2234E12, HMS3369M21, AMY40190, BCP27948, STR00054, Tox21_201873, Tox21_302767, BDBM50229993, AKOS000269032, AKOS028109302, CCG-207963, UN 2877, NCGC00091199-01, NCGC00091199-02, NCGC00091199-03, NCGC00256530-01, NCGC00259422-01, BP-31025, SMR000857187, FT-0675198, T0445, T2475, T2835, EN300-19634, T-3650, 10.14272/UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N.1, A833853, Q528995, doi:10.14272/UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N.1, J-524966, F0001-1650
Structure and bonding
Thiocarbamide is a planar molecule.
The C=S bond distance is 1.71 Å.
The C-N distances average 1.33 Å.
The weakening of the C-S bond by C-N pi-bonding is indicated by the short C=S bond in thiobenzophenone, which is 1.63 Å.
Thiocarbamide occurs in two tautomeric forms, of which the thione form predominates in aqueous solutions.
The equilibrium constant has been calculated as Keq is 1.04×10−3.
The thiol form, which is also known as an isoThiocarbamide, can be encountered in substituted compounds such as isothiouronium salts.
Production
The global annual production of Thiocarbamide is around 10,000 tonnes. About 40% is produced in Germany, another 40% in China, and 20% in Japan.
Thiocarbamide can be produced from ammonium thiocyanate, but more commonly it is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with calcium cyanamide in the presence of carbon dioxide.
Applications
Thiox precursor
Thiocarbamide per se has few applications.
Thiocarbamide is mainly consumed as a precursor to Thiocarbamide dioxide, which is a common reducing agent in textile processing.
Fertilizers
Recently Thiocarbamide has been investigated for its multiple desirable properties as a fertilizer especially under conditions of environmental stress.
Thiocarbamide may be applied in various capacities, such as a seed pretreatment (for priming), foliar spray or medium supplementation.
Other uses
Other industrial uses of Thiocarbamide include production of flame retardant resins, and vulcanization accelerators.
Thiocarbamide is building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives.
Thus, Thiocarbamides condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds.
The amino group on the Thiocarbamide initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and tautomerization. Desulfurization delivers the pyrimidine.
The pharmaceuticals thiobarbituric acid and sulfathiazole are prepared using Thiocarbamide.
4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole is prepared by the reaction of Thiocarbamide and hydrazine.
Thiocarbamide is used as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper, light-sensitive photocopy paper and almost all other types of copy paper.
Thiocarbamide is also used to tone silver-gelatin photographic prints (see Sepia Toning).
Thiocarbamide is used in the Clifton-Phillips and Beaver bright and semi-bright electroplating processes.
Thiocarbamide is also used in a solution with tin(II) chloride as an electroless tin plating solution for copper printed circuit boards.
Thiocarbamides are used (usually as hydrogen-bond donor catalysts) in a research theme called Thiocarbamide organocatalysis.
Thiocarbamides are often found to be stronger hydrogen-bond donors (i.e., more acidic) than ureas.
Reactions
The material has the unusual property of changing to ammonium thiocyanate upon heating above 130 °C. Upon cooling, the ammonium salt converts back to Thiocarbamide.
Reductant
Thiocarbamide reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols.
The intermediate of the reaction is an unstable endoperoxide.
Reduction of cyclic peroxide
Thiocarbamide is also used in the reductive workup of ozonolysis to give carbonyl compounds.
Dimethyl sulfide is also an effective reagent for this reaction, but it is highly volatile (boiling point 37 °C) and has an obnoxious odor whereas Thiocarbamide is odorless and conveniently non-volatile (reflecting its polarity).
Reduction cleavage of product from ozonolysis
Source of sulfide
Thiocarbamide is employed as a source of sulfide, such as for converting alkyl halides to thiols.
The reaction capitalizes on the high nucleophilicity of the sulfur center and easy hydrolysis of the intermediate isothiouronium salt.
Like other thioamides, Thiocarbamide can serve as a source of sulfide upon reaction with metal ions. For example, mercury sulfide forms when mercuric salts in aqueous solution are treated with Thiocarbamide.
These sulfiding reactions, which have been applied to the synthesis of many metal sulfides, require water and typically some heating.
Precursor to heterocycles
Thiocarbamides are building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives.
Thus Thiocarbamides condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds.
The amino group on the Thiocarbamide initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and tautomerization. Desulfurization delivers the pyrimidine.
Similarly, aminothiazoles can be synthesized by the reaction of α-haloketones and Thiocarbamide.
The pharmaceuticals thiobarbituric acid and sulfathiazole are prepared using Thiocarbamide.
4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole is prepared by the reaction of Thiocarbamide and hydrazine.
Silver polishing
According to the label on consumer products TarnX and Silver Dip, the liquid silver cleaning products contain Thiocarbamide along with a warning that Thiocarbamide is a chemical on California's list of carcinogens.
A lixiviant for gold and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing Thiocarbamide, bypassing the steps of cyanide use and smelting.
Kurnakov reaction
Thiocarbamide is an essential reagent in the Kurnakov test used to differentiate cis- and trans- isomers of certain square planar platinum complexes.
The reaction was discovered in 1893 by Russian chemist Nikolai Kurnakov and is still performed as an assay for compounds of this type.
Safety
The LD50 for Thiocarbamide is 125 mg/kg for rats (oral).
A goitrogenic effect (enlargement of the thyroid gland) has been reported for chronic exposure, reflecting the ability of Thiocarbamide to interfere with iodide uptake.
A cyclic derivative of Thiocarbamide called Thiamazole is used to treat overactive thyroid
Molar mass: 76.12 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.405 g/mL
Melting point: 182 °C
Solubility in water: 142 g/L
XLogP3-AA: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.00951931 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.00951931 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 84.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Complexity: 29
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Widespread uses by professional workers
Thiocarbamide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and water softeners.
Thiocarbamide is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Thiocarbamide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use as reactive substance.
Formulation or re-packing
Thiocarbamide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, adsorbents, metals, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals, photo-chemicals, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, welding & soldering products and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of Thiocarbamide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
Thiocarbamide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, adsorbents, metals, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals, photo-chemicals, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, welding & soldering products and cosmetics and personal care products.
Thiocarbamide is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Thiocarbamide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, rubber products and furniture.
Release to the environment of Thiocarbamide can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Thiocarbamide is an organo-sulfur compound with formula SC(NH2)2.
It is structurally similar to urea except that oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom.
The properties of urea and Thiocarbamide differ significantly.
Thiocarbamide has a wide range of applications.
In plants, low concentration of Thiocarbamide was first used as a dormancy breaking agent.
The effect was correlated with catalase inhibition which facilitates H2O2 mediated oxidation of NADPH that acts as oxidant in pentose pathway to produce glucose.
Later, it was adopted as a plant growth regulator.
During recent years, Thiocarbamide has been widely used for enhancing plant growth, stress tolerance and crop yield.
At the physiological level, these effects are due to coordinated regulation of plant source-to-sink relationship and enhanced translocation of metabolites from source (leaves) to sink (pods).
At molecular level, Thiocarbamide effects are related with its ability to scavenge broad range of reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2 and superoxide radical, produced under biological system.
Since, ROS mediated signaling, also termed as “Redox signaling” is well established as one of the central regulators of stress signaling in plants; Thiocarbamide application was utilized as a strategy to delineate redox regulated components associated with calcium and ABA signaling in germinating seeds of Brassica juncea.
The molecular level changes induced by Thiocarbamide were also positively reflected in terms of improved energetics, antioxidant defense, plant-water homeostasis, and sulfur metabolism in plants against different environmental stresses.
Apart from indirect effects of Thiocarbamide which are associated with its ROS scavenging action, the direct effects have also been demonstrated at higher Thiocarbamide concentration.
These include irreversible inhibition of catalase, antinitrification, and antiweeding properties of Thiocarbamide.
Thiocarbamide is used in breaking dormancy in some seed types to determine seed viability if the seed fails to germinate under normal conditions.
Thiocarbamide is also used to increase stress tolerance in plant tissues.
Thiocarbamide has been used in several tree species as a substitute for stratification of seeds.
Thiocarbamide has been used:
as a component of lysis buffer for liver tissue homogenization
in 2-D sample buffer for two-dimensional in-gel protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) assay
in rehydration buffer for protein extraction
Thiocarbamide is an industrial chemical and also occurs naturally in some plants and fungi.
As an industrial chemical, Thiocarbamide is used in metal finishing solutions, in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, in copper refining, and as a rust inhibitor.
Thiocarbamide may also be found in black and white photographic chemicals, and silver polish/metal cleaners.
Based on the most recent data, Thiocarbamide is not manufactured in Canada, but Thiocarbamide is imported into Canada.
Thiocarbamide is a free radical scavenger of the peroxide radical.
Thiocarbamide was shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation and ultraviolet (UV)-induced crosslinking of collagen.
Bud dormancy in plants can be inhibited by Thiocarbamide which is used as a growth stimulator.
Thiocarbamide is also known to be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
The global annual production of Thiocarbamide is around 10,000 tonnes.
About 40% is produced in Germany, another 40% in China, and 20% in Japan.
Thiocarbamide can be produced from ammonium thiocyanate, but more commonly Thiocarbamide is produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with calcium cyanamide in the presence of carbon dioxide.
Thiocarbamide is used as an accelerator in rubber production (e.g. neoprene), and as an antioxidant to photo paper, photographic chemicals, rubber and plastics.
Thiocarbamide is also found as an additive in etchants, cleaners and polishes.
Thiocarbamide may be used as an inhibitor in pickling baths, scavenger of heavy metals, textile dye, and fireretardant component in nylon.
What are some products that may contain Thiocarbamide?
Adhesives
Cleaners
Copy Paper
Corrosion Inhibitor
Etchants
Fire-Retardant Resins
Light-Sensitive Photocopy Paper
Metal Polishes
Neoprene (polychloroprene) Products
Gloves
Wetsuits
Orthopedic braces/supports
Weather stripping
Keyboard wrist supports
Athletic shoes/insoles
Swim goggles
Rubber boots
Protective eyewear
Insoles
Paint & Glue Removers
Photo Paper
Photographic Chemicals
Plastic
Rubber
Textile and Paper Dye
Thermocoating
Plastic phone cards
Thiocarbamides, containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms, are susceptible to oxidation by a large number of oxidants giving rise to various products including ureas, sulfides, oxides of sulfur, and nitrogen.
Some novel cyclized products were also obtained during oxidation.
The reaction conditions and types of oxidants steer the formation of different products.
This review comprises basically the synthetic aspects, and the mechanism/schemes of the reactions discussed in the manuscript are based on stoichiometry and products of the reactions.
Backed by our hard-earned experience of this industry, we are engaged in offering an exclusive range of Thiocarbamide Powder.
Thiocarbamide is widely praised in domestic and international markets.
Apart from this, our quality inspectors test this product in order to ensure that the offered product is free from any defects.
Thiocarbamide can be purchased from us at industry leading prices within the promised time - frame.
Thiocarbamide was introduced into the micropores of UiO-66 and its derivatives.
Thiocarbamide provides the first example of doping highly polar molecules into the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via a solution process.
Thiocarbamide, having a considerably wide range of applications, is a functional organic compound similar to urea,
except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom.
The properties of urea and Thiocarbamide differ significantly
because of the difference in electronegativity between sulfur and oxygen.
Thus, Thiocarbamide is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis.
Thiocarbamide is produced and consumed by the thousands of tons throughout the world every year.
The main application of Thiocarbamide is in textile processing. 2 Moreover, Thiocarbamide reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols.
The reaction produces an unstable epidioxide as an intermediate, which can only be identified at –100 C.
Epidioxide is similar to epoxide except for 2 oxygen atoms.
This intermediate is reduced to diol by Thiocarbamide.
Thiocarbamide is also used in the reductive work-up of ozonolysis to give carbonyl compounds.
Another effective reagent for this reaction is dimethyl sulfide, but it is highly volatile and has an obnoxious odor, whereas Thiocarbamide is odorless and conveniently nonvolatile due to its polarity.
In addition, Thiocarbamide is
commonly employed as a source of sulfide, e.g. for converting alkyl halides to thiols.
Such reactions go on through the intermediacy of isothiuronium salts.
The reaction capitalizes on the high nucleophilicity of the sulfur center and the hydrolytic instability of the isothiuronium salt. Thiocarbamides are also used as building blocks for pyrimidine derivatives.
Thus, Thiocarbamides condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds.
The amino group on
the Thiocarbamide initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and tautomerization.
Desulfurization delivers the pyrimidine.
Similarly, aminothiazoles can be synthesized by the reaction of alpha-halo ketones and Thiocarbamide.
Recently, Thiocarbamide was also used for increasing technologies for plasma membrane proteomics
and for direct enantioselective aldol reactions catalyzed by a proline-Thiocarbamide host-guest complex.
The biological activities of complexes with Thiocarbamide derivatives have been successfully screened for various biological actions, and some N -substituted-N -carbonyl Thiocarbamides have been used in commercial fungicides.
N ,N -dialkyl-N -benzoylThiocarbamides have been found to be useful ligands for the potential determination of traces of transition metals by means of normal phase chromatography.
More significantly, these reagents have been shown to selectively extract several of the platinum group metals in the form of remarkably stable neutral metal chelates.
N ,N -dialkyl-N -benzoylThiocarbamide derivatives with such properties and their metal complexes were synthesized and their thermal behaviors were examined.
Thiocarbamide is an organosulfur compound that is composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur atoms.
Thiocarbamide resembles urea but comprises sulfur instead of oxygen.
Thiocarbamide can be produced in the labs and is a valuable Mining Chemical.
Being a highly valuable chemical compound, Thiocarbamide serves a variety of purposes in the industry, including
Thiocarbamide is used as a thiox precursor.
Thiocarbamide is utilised as a precursor to Thiocarbamide Dioxide which is used as a reducing agent in textile
processing.
Thiocarbamide is used as a fertilizer.
For example, a seed pretreatment for priming or a foliar spray.
Thioreau can act as a floatation reagent for metal minerals.
Thiocarbamide is utilized as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper, light-sensitive photocopy paper and most types of copy paper.
Thiocarbamide can also colour the photographic prints in silver-gelatin.
Thiocarbamide is used as a contaminant in the ethylene bisdithiocarbanate fungicides.
Thiocarbamide is used in industries for the production of flame retardant resins and vulcanisation accelerators.
Thiocarbamide can serve as an electroless tin plating solution for copper printed circuit boards.
Thiocarbamide exists in two tautomeric forms – thione form and thiol form.
The chemical formula is CH4N2S.
Thiocarbamide exists in two tautomeric forms thione form and thiol form.
The chemical formula is CH4N2S.
Once exposed to Thiocarbamide, it can have adverse effects on your health due to its poisonous nature.
Thiocarbamide gets absorbed into the body either while inhaling its aerosol or by ingestion.
Recurring or extended exposure to this chemical compound can lead to skin sensitization and even affect your thyroid adversely.
Thiocarbamide is a chemically produced compound.
Thiocarbamide can be produced from ammonium thiocyanate but it is generally produced from the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with calcium cyanamide in the presence of carbon dioxide.
The estimated global production of this compound is around 10,000 tonnes every year.
Germany, China, and Japan are the major producers with 40%, 40%, and 20% production value respectively.
Thiocarbamide appears as an odourless and lustrous powdery white solid.
Thiocarbamide is soluble in water and has a bitter taste.
Thiocarbamide can be extremely fatal with prolonged exposure without any precautions.
One can develop skin allergy leading to itching and skin rashes due to extended exposure to this chemical.
In extreme cases such as ingestion of this compound, it may damage the bone marrow causing reduced red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.
Thiocarbamide should be handled as a carcinogen, i.e. with extreme caution. Some of the precautionary measures necessary in handling Thiocarbamide are:
The operation must be enclosed.
Use of local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release.
If neither of the above is followed, the use of respirators is a must.
Wearing protective work clothing.
Work clothes must be washed thoroughly immediately after the exposure to Thiocarbamide and the end of the work shift.
All the workers must be informed of all the health and safety hazards of the compound they deal with.
Thiocarbamide has a unique characteristic of changing to ammonium thiocyanate when heated above 130 °C.
Thiocarbamide is highly soluble in water (137 g/litre at 20 °C), polar protic and aprotic organic solvents.
At Camachem we have Thiocarbamide 99% for sale.
Thiocarbamide is available to be shipped in a woven bag with plastic lining with a 25kg weight capacity per bag.
Thiocarbamide has a low cost, keeping in mind its variety of use and effectiveness.
The cost of this chemical depends on various production cost incurred during manufacturing.
The estimated cost per tonne is $100.
Thiocarbamide has a pH of more than 3 making it a weak acid in nature.
Thiocarbamide is an electrolyte compound.
Thiocarbamide is also used as an electrolytic additive in Lithium-Sulfur batteries.
Thiocarbamide is an extremely hazardous chemical compound and cannot be disposed of down the drain. Thiocarbamide is absolutely necessary to treat it as a hazardous waste.
If there is a spill, one must immediately contact their fire department.
Simply disposing it down the drain can lead to a catastrophic situation as it is extremely dangerous for the environment.
Merely inhaling it can lead to an adverse effect on your health.
Urea is an organic compound containing oxygen atoms, unlike Thiocarbamide which is an organosulfur compound containing sulphur atoms.
Thiocarbamide is a much stronger acid than urea.
Thiocarbamide (CAS No. 62-56-6) is a white crystalline solid.
Thiocarbamide is soluble in water (137 g/litre at 20 °C), soluble in polar protic and aprotic organic solvents, and insoluble in non-polar solvents.
It is analysed mainly by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with subsequent ultraviolet (UV) detection.
In 1993, the global annual production of Thiocarbamide was about 10 000 tonnes. A more recent global production figure is not available.
Thiocarbamide has a wide range of uses; for example, it is used in the production and modification of textile and dyeing auxiliaries, in the leaching of ores, in the production of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, as a vulcanization accelerator, and as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper.
Based on Thiocarbamide’s use pattern, the hydrosphere is expected to be its main environmental target compartment.
Measured concentrations of the chemical in surface waters are not available.
Thiocarbamide is not expected to evaporate from water.
Thiocarbamide is resistant to hydrolysis in water and direct photolysis in water and air, and it undergoes photochemical oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (calculated half-life 2.4 h).
Thiocarbamide will be biodegraded by an adapted microflora only after extended acclimation periods. Thus, under conditions not favouring biotic or abiotic removal, Thiocarbamide may be present in surface waters and sediments over longer periods.
Adsorption to sediment particles, however, is not to be expected, as indicated by low soil sorption coefficients.
Leaching of Thiocarbamide from soil to groundwater seems possible, particularly under conditions unfavourable for biotic degradation.
The available experimental data on bioaccumulation indicate no bioaccumulation potential for Thiocarbamide in aquatic organisms.
There are only few data on exposure levels at the workplace.
One study from a Thiocarbamide production factory gives a concentration of 0.6–12 mg Thiocarbamide/m3 in air.
Another occupational exposure study giving measured data from the production and packing of Thiocarbamide reported an average air concentration (Thiocarbamide in total dust) of 0.085 mg/m3 (maximum 0.32 mg/m3).
There is possible consumer exposure due to dermal contact with cloth finished with Thiocarbamide. There is also a possibility of contact with blueprint paper at the workplace (architects, engineers, engineering draughtsmen).
When diazo copy paper is used, Thiocarbamide is readily released from the surface coating.
Further exposure could occur from the use of Thiocarbamide-containing metal polish and from the metabolism of Thiocarbamide-based pharmaceuticals.
Thiocarbamide is an antioxidant.
After oral administration to humans and animals, it is almost completely absorbed and is excreted largely unchanged via the kidneys.
However, some metabolic transformation catalysed by microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase to formamidine sulfinic acid can take place.
Based upon studies conducted primarily in laboratory animals, the major adverse health effect associated with exposure to Thiocarbamide is the inhibition of thyroid gland function, although effects on lungs, liver, haematopoietic system, and kidneys have also been described. Thiocarbamide produces pulmonary oedema secondary to permeability changes in the lung.
Thiocarbamide has mitogenic properties.
The chemical did not induce gene mutations in bacteria.
Inconsistent results, with the majority being negative, were obtained in assays in mammalian cells.
Thiocarbamide induced chromosomal recombination in yeast and Drosophila.
Thiocarbamide is not considered to be a genotoxic carcinogen.
At high doses, Thiocarbamide can cause thyroid hyperplasia in mice and thyroid adenomas and carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas, and tumours of the Zymbal or Meibomian gland in rats.
However, none of the studies of carcinogenicity would meet present-day standards.
Although no definite conclusion regarding the mechanism of carcinogenicity can be made, it is probable that Thiocarbamide acts via the known mechanism for non-genotoxic thyroid carcinogens.
Although Thiocarbamide has been shown to be a carcinogen in rats, the weight of evidence suggests that rodents are more sensitive than humans to thyroid tumour induction due to hormonal imbalances that cause elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
Hypothyroidism caused by the administration of 50 mg Thiocarbamide/kg body weight to sheep for 2, 4, or 6 months adversely influences somatic development, reproductive/gestational performance of animals, and growth of developing fetuses in utero.
A similar study with male lambs showed adverse effects on male reproductive development.
Exposure to Thiocarbamide can induce contact and photocontact allergies in humans.
Thiocarbamide yielded negative results in a sensitization test in animals.
In a Russian study, thyroid hyperplasia was observed in 17 of 45 workers exposed to air concentrations of 0.6–12 mg/m3, equivalent to a dose of 0.07–1.4 mg Thiocarbamide/kg body weight per day.
Tolerable intakes should be much below 0.07 mg Thiocarbamide/kg body weight per day.
From data on its use as a thyroid depressant, <15 mg Thiocarbamide/day (<0.2 mg/kg body weight per day) had no effect, whereas 70 mg/day (about 1.0 mg/kg body weight per day) showed an effect.
The sample risk characterization compares the data reported in the Russian study above with the average air concentration (Thiocarbamide in total dust) of 0.085 mg/m3 and the maximum concentration of 0.32 mg/m3 measured in a German factory.
It is likely that a health risk may exist in the German factory, at least at the maximum level, if no hygienic precautions are taken.
Exposure of the general population to Thiocarbamide has not been quantified, so no risk characterization was possible.
From valid test results available on the toxicity of Thiocarbamide to various aquatic organisms, Thiocarbamide can be classified as moderately to highly toxic in the aquatic compartment.
The lowest no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) were found in two long-term studies on reproduction of the water flea (Daphnia magna, 21-day NOEC <0.25 mg/litre and 0.25 mg/litre).
According to the reliable experimental data available for toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial species, the low bioaccumulation potential, and the expected environmental fate when released to water or soil, Thiocarbamide is not expected to pose a significant risk for organisms in both environmental compartments (except in the case of accidental spill).
Thiocarbamide has no sharp melting point, as rearrangement to ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) occurs at temperatures above about 135 °C.
Data on melting between 167 and 182 °C are reported in the literature.
Information on the boiling point is not available, as decomposition occurs. The temperature of decomposition is not known.
Thiocarbamide is soluble in water (137 g/litre at 20 °C), soluble in polar protic and aprotic organic solvents, and insoluble in non-polar solvents.
A UV absorption maximum at 238 nm was measured in water at pH 7.4 (Weast & Astle, 1979).
A significant pH dependence of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) was not detected.
Thiocarbamide is industrially produced by the reaction between technical-grade calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or one of its precursors in aqueous solution — e.g., ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S) or calcium hydrogen sulfide (Ca(HS)2).
Calcium cyanamide must not contain calcium carbide, as explosive acetylene can be liberated with water or hydrogen disulfide. In Germany, Thiocarbamide is produced by a continuous process in a closed reaction vessel.
In 1993, the global annual production of Thiocarbamide was about 10 000 tonnes.
Of this, about 40% (4000 tonnes) was produced by the German manufacturer, which is the sole manufacturer in Western Europe; 20% (2000 tonnes) was contributed by a Japanese manufacturer; and another 40% (4000 tonnes) was contributed by at least seven Chinese companies.
Uses
Ore leaching (e.g., gold and silver extraction from minerals)
Auxiliary agent (diazo paper)
Isomerization catalyst (conversion of maleic to fumaric acid)
Additive (slurry explosives)
Metal refinement (copper)
Metal cleaning (including silver polish)
Other (e.g., drilling auxiliary in petroleum industry, fertilizer)
Processing
Production of Thiocarbamide dioxide
Modification of resins
Production and modification of textile and dyeing auxiliaries
Various chemical intermediates
In the USA, Thiocarbamide is used in animal hide glue, which contains Thiocarbamide at a concentration of 10–20% as a liquefying agent.
Reports indicate its use in the production of flame retardant resins and as a vulcanization accelerator.
In Germany, Thiocarbamide is not used in the leaching of ore mines and not processed to Thiocarbamide dioxide.
Instead, the following use pattern is reported: auxiliary agent in diazo paper (light-sensitive photocopy paper) and almost all other types of copy paper (19%); metal cleaning, including silver polish (4%); precipitation of heavy metals (3%); additive in slurry explosives (3%); electroplating/electroforming (1%); corrosion inhibitor (1%); processing to organic intermediates (41%); mercaptosilanes (6.5%); vulcanization accelerators (0.5%); resin modification (4.5%); and chemicals industry and miscellaneous (16.5%) (BUA, 1995).
In Japan, Thiocarbamide is added to fertilizers to inhibit the nitrification process.
Data on the quantities used are not available.
Thiocarbamide is emitted by manufacturers of electronic components and accessories and manufacturers of aircraft and aircraft parts.
Organic Thiocarbamide derivatives are used as vulcanization accelerators, pharmaceuticals (antiseptic, thyrotherapeutic, narcotic, and tuberculostatic agents), and plant protection agents and pesticides (e.g., chloromethiuron, diafenthiuron, thiophanate, and thiophanate-methyl).
The global release of Thiocarbamide during production, use, and processing cannot be estimated with the available data.
As the use pattern varies widely, it is to be concluded that emissions also differ between countries.
The US Toxics Release Inventory (US EPA, 1999) states that 4.85 tonnes were released in 1995 and 1.13 tonnes in 1999.
The following data are for Germany, the country of the primary source document.
Releases into air from production at the German manufacturer, which was the sole Western European manufacturer in 1993, were approximately 14 g/tonne produced; releases into surface water were not relevant (waste mother liquor from the production process is used to remove nitrogen dioxide in high-temperature incineration processes or is incinerated).
The annual wastes are given as about 15 kg/tonne produced ("white sludge"), containing 20% w/w Thiocarbamide at a maximum (i.e., 3 kg Thiocarbamide/tonne produced).
These wastes are disposed of by incineration.
In addition, 2.8 tonnes of lime (calcium carbonate) per tonne Thiocarbamide produced emerge during production.
The Thiocarbamide content of this waste is <0.1% w/w.
More than 96% of the lime (residual Thiocarbamide: <10.8 tonnes/year) is used by brick and cement industries or similar industries.
The remainder (residual Thiocarbamide: maximum 400 kg/year) is disposed of in an authorized dump.
The leachate of this dump is collected and completely reintroduced into the production process as so-called make-up water.
Therefore, emissions into soil or groundwater from this site are not to be expected.
No significant emissions into the air are expected from the industrial use of Thiocarbamide as a catalyst in the synthesis of fumaric acid, diazo paper, or metal polish, whereas releases to surface water are unclear.
The releases from the processing of Thiocarbamide at German manufacturers (synthesis of organic intermediates) in 1993 were <1 kg/tonne processed for each reported site into air (from registry limit of emission declaration of 25 kg/year) and <5 kg/tonne processed for each reported site into surface water.
Wastes from processing are incinerated. Waste air is also in general incinerated.
At some processing sites, liquor from the process or active carbon used for purification is incinerated; therefore, emissions into surface water are not expected.
A major use of Thiocarbamide in Germany is as an auxiliary agent in blueprint (diazo) paper.
Thiocarbamide emissions may occur, especially from the disposal of waste paper.
It is assumed, however, that only 10% of this paper is recycled, since blueprint paper often contains confidential information (e.g., construction plans).
The remaining 90% is assumed to be shredded and disposed of with domestic waste.
Assuming further that blueprint paper contains 0.5 g Thiocarbamide/m2 at a maximum, that 100% of production-related paper cuttings are recycled, that the de-inking removes 67%, and that the chemical adsorption onto de-inking sludge is about 80%, an annual emission into wastewater treatment plants of 3.1 tonnes Thiocarbamide can be calculated.
Landfill disposal of diazo paper may also release Thiocarbamide into soil and groundwater.
However, a quantification is not possible with the available data.
The use of Thiocarbamide in metal polish occurs in industrial and consumer products as well.
From this type of application (aqueous solutions), it can be assumed, as a worst case, that the total amount used is released into wastewater. In Germany, this is about 13.2 tonnes/year.
In all of the vulcanization accelerators, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides being synthesized from Thiocarbamide, the basic structure of the substance is maintained.
Thiocarbamide is therefore possible that Thiocarbamide can be released from these agents by metabolic or hydrolytic degradation.
An organosulfur compound is composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulfur atoms.
Thiocarbamide's chemical formula is SC(NH2)2.
As the name and its composition suggest, Thiocarbamide is very much similar to urea.
In Thiocarbamide, the oxygen atom of urea is displaced by the sulfur atom.
Here you need to note that urea and Thiocarbamide are structurally similar but very different in physical and chemical properties.
Thiocarbamide is also known as thiocarbamide.
Thiocarbamide, also known as thiocarbamide, is an organic molecule that is similar to urea (q.v.) but includes sulphur rather than oxygen; its chemical formula is CS(NH2)2, whereas ureas are CO(NH2)2.
Thiocarbamide, like urea, is made by inducing a chemically similar substance to undergo rearrangement, such as heating ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN).
The addition of hydrogen sulphide to cyanamide is a more regularly utilised technique of production. Thiocarbamide contains a lot of the same chemical features as urea, although it's not as widely used.
The little amount of Thiocarbamide consumed is mostly used in photography as a fixing agent, in the production of thermosetting resin, as an insecticide, in the treatment of textiles, and as a starting ingredient for some colours and pharmaceuticals.
At 182° C (360° F), Thiocarbamide crystallises as colourless crystals.
It is poisonous, albeit the lethal dose has not been determined.
Thiocarbamide is a bitter-tasting white water-soluble crystalline chemical that forms additional compounds with metal ions and is utilised in photographic fixing, rubber vulcanization, and synthetic resin production.
The sulphur analogue of urea is Thiocarbamide.
Thiocarbamide is employed because of its chemical resemblance to hydrogen sulphide.
Thiocarbamide plays a crucial function in the creation of heterocycles.
Thiocarbamide looks like white crystals that are flammable and emit unpleasant or poisonous odours when exposed to fire.
Thiocarbamide serves as a precursor to sulphide, allowing metal sulphides such as mercury sulphide to form.
Exposure to Thiocarbamide has negative health consequences and can lead to poisoning.
Thiocarbamide enters the body by inhalation of its aerosol and ingestion.
Thiocarbamide is known to produce skin sensitization and a variety of thyroid health problems when exposed to it repeatedly or for an extended period of time.
Thiocarbamide is used in the manufacturing of flame retardant resins and vulcanization accelerators, among other things.
Thiocarbamide is utilised as an auxiliary agent in the diazo paper (light-sensitive photocopy paper) and nearly all other types of copy paper.
This is also used to colour silver-gelatin photography prints.
Thiocarbamide dioxide is a Thiocarbamide oxidising chemical that is stable in solid form and cold aqueous solution.
Thiocarbamide exhibits a moderate acidic reaction and only achieves maximal reduction capacity in an aqueous solution when heated to around 100 ° C.
The carbonyl group is the functional group in urea.
Thiocarbamide has a functional group with a carbonyl group attached to two nitrogen atoms, or a functional group with a carbonyl group bound to two nitrogen atoms.
The simplest member of this class is also known as urea.
When urea dissolves in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline.
This is utilised by the body in a variety of ways, the most essential of which is for nitrogen excretion.
The liver modifies the urea cycle by combining two ammonia molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2).
Drugs containing Thiocarbamide have non-competitive inhibition kinetics.
All medications containing Thiocarbamide were classified as non-competitive inhibitors in enzyme inhibition kinetics, whereas the reference compounds (PTU and kojic acid) were classified as competitive inhibitors.
