BETA-ALANINE

Beta-Alanine is a prepared oleoresin extract that consists of resinous matter and a liquid phase, which is not volatile with steam. 
Beta-Alanine is obtained by solvent extraction of the dried ripe fruit of C. frutescens L. or C. annuum L. var. 
Beta-Alanine Irish with subsequent removal of the solvent. 

CAS Number: 8023-77-6
Molecular Formula: W-99

Synonyms: beta-alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid, 107-95-9, 3-Aminopropionic acid, Beta Alanine, Abufene, H-beta-Ala-OH, beta-Aminopropionic acid, 2-Carboxyethylamine, Alanine, beta-, beta-Ala, .beta.-Alanine, Propanoic acid, 3-amino-, 3-Aminopropionsaeure, beta-Aminopropionsaeure, B-ALANINE, omega-Aminopropionic acid, 3-Aminopropanoate, FEMA No. 3252, .beta.-Aminopropionic acid, 3-amino-propionic acid, NSC 7603, AI3-18470, b-Aminopropanoate, b-Aminopropionate, 3-Aminopropionate, b-Ala, EINECS 203-536-5, MFCD00008200, 3-amino-Propanoate, beta-Aminopropanoate, beta-Aminopropionate, Abufene (TN), omega-Aminopropionate, 11P2JDE17B, b-Aminopropanoic acid, b-Aminopropionic acid, 87867-95-6, CHEBI:16958, 3-amino-Propanoic acid, beta-Aminopropanoic acid, NSC-7603, ALANINE, .BETA.-, BETA-ALANINE [VANDF], .BETA.-ALANINE [MI], BETA ALANINE [USP-RS], BETA-ALANINE [WHO-DD], CHEMBL297569, .BETA.-ALANINE [FHFI], DTXSID0030823, NSC7603, EC 203-536-5, 3-Aminopropanoic Acid (beta-Alanine), 3 Aminopropionic Acid, BETA ALANINE (USP-RS), beta-ALANINE-13C3-15N, beta-alanin, PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM PENTAHYDRATE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], ALANINE, BETA, UNII-11P2JDE17B, Alanine-beta, PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM PENTAHYDRATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), beta -alanine, beta- alanine, beta--alanine, 2Carboxyethylamine, beta-Alanine #, aminopropionic acid, 3Aminopropionsaeure, Beta Alanine; Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Imp. A (EP); Pamidronate Imp. A (EP); Calcium Pantothenate Impurity A; Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Impurity A; Pamidronate Impurity A, 3aminopropanoic acid, 3aminopropionic acid, A-Ala, betaAminopropionsaeure, betaaminopropionic acid, beta-Alanine, 99%, Tocris-0206, Propanoic acid, 3amino, Propanoic acid, amino-, |A-Alanine (Standard), H2NCH2CH2COOH, bmse000159, bmse000967, bmse001019, .omega.-Aminopropionic acid, BETA-ALANINE [INCI], Oprea1_583450, beta-Alanine, >=98%, FG, GTPL2365, DTXCID8010823, 3-aminopropanoic acidbeta-alanine, HY-N0230R, beta-Alanine (6CI,8CI,9CI), beta-Alanine, analytical standard, HY-N0230, STR03358, BBL037332, BDBM50000102, PDSP1_000144, PDSP2_000143, s5526, STK301638, AKOS000119659, CS-W020126, DB03107, FA10356, NCGC00024495-01, NCGC00024495-02, BP-10083, beta-Alanine, BioXtra, >=99.0% (NT), beta-Alanine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), DB-022630, A0180, NS00009116, EN300-18046, C00099, D07561, F86478, Q310919, SR-01000597690, SR-01000597690-1, Z57127544, F2191-0213, 7CA041EF-5103-439A-9D84-1761529BA8DA, beta-Alanine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Beta Alanine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, beta-Alanine, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, 203-536-5, 25513-34-2, CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 1,000,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 2,000,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 500,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;Capsicum extract (capsicum spp.);Capsicum oleoresin (capsicum spp.);Capsicum oleoresins;Cayenne (capsicum annuum L. var. longum sendt);Capsicol/Chilli paprika oleoresin

Beta-Alanine has a characteristic odor and an extremely strong bite.
Under the name of Beta-Alanine, the fruits of various species of the family Solanaceae are used extensively as pungent food additives. 
Commercially, the fruits of Capsicum annuum and its varieties are known under the names of Spanish pepper, poivrons and paprika. 

The fruits of C. frutescens are known as chiles, although the term chiles may be used to indicate any variety of capsicum. 
The orange-red powder of the fruits from which the most pungent parts are removed is known as rosenpaprika. 
In the United States, this is simply paprika. 

Beta-Alanine is recognized that approximately five species and their hybrids contribute to all sources of “peppers.” 
The fruits are the part used. Capsicum is mild to highly pungent. 
Beta-Alanine was first described in the late 1400s by a physician who accompanied Columbus to the West Indies.

Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. 
Beta-Alanine is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes.
Beta-Alanine is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid that is not used in the body to build proteins, but instead plays a unique and important role in enhancing physical performance. 

Beta-Alanine is most well known for being a key component in the synthesis of carnosine, a dipeptide molecule stored in muscle tissue that helps buffer acid during high-intensity exercise. 
This buffering capacity allows muscles to work harder and longer by delaying the onset of fatigue and reducing the accumulation of lactic acid.

Unlike alpha-alanine, which is one of the standard amino acids incorporated into proteins, beta-alanine has its amino group on the beta carbon instead of the alpha carbon. 
This structural difference makes it functionally distinct and gives it specific benefits related to muscle endurance and exercise capacity. 
Beta-alanine is commonly found in sports supplements and is widely studied for its ability to enhance athletic performance, particularly during short bursts of high-intensity activity like weightlifting or sprinting.

In addition to being synthesized in the liver, beta-alanine can also be obtained through the diet, especially from meat and poultry products, as carnosine is naturally present in animal muscles. 
As a supplement, it is typically consumed in powder or capsule form and is often associated with a harmless tingling sensation known as paresthesia when taken in large doses.

Beta-alanine is a popular supplement among athletes and fitness enthusiasts.
That’s because it’s been shown to enhance performance and benefit overall health.
This article explains everything you need to know about beta-alanine.

Beta-Alanine is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon for alanine (α-alanine). 
The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid. 
Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no stereocenter.

In terms of its biosynthesis, Beta-Alanine is formed by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. 
Beta-Alanine is the ethyl ester which hydrolyses within the body to form β-alanine.
It is produced industrially by the reaction of ammonia with β-propiolactone.

Sources for Beta-Alanineincludes pyrimidine catabolism of cytosine and uracil.
Beta-Alanine residues are rare. 
It is a component of the peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), which itself is a component of coenzyme A.

Beta-Alanine is metabolized into acetic acid.
Beta-Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available β-alanine, not histidine.
Supplementation with Beta-Alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes, and increase total muscular work done.

Simply supplementing with carnosine is not as effective as supplementing with Beta-Alanine alone since carnosine, when taken orally, is broken down during digestion to its components, histidine and β-alanine. 
Hence, by weight, only about 40% of the dose is available as Beta-Alanine.

Because Beta-Alanine dipeptides are not incorporated into proteins, they can be stored at relatively high concentrations. 
Occurring at 17–25 mmol/kg (dry muscle), carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres. 
In carnosine, the pKa of the imidazolium group is 6.83, which is ideal for buffering.

Even though much weaker than glycine (and, thus, with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), Beta-Alanine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligand glycine itself, for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: glycine ≫ β-alanine > taurine ≫ alanine, L-serine > proline).
Beta-Alanine has five known receptor sites, including GABA-A, GABA-C a co-agonist site (with glycine) on NMDA receptors, the aforementioned GlyR site, and blockade of GAT protein-mediated glial GABA uptake, making it a putative "small molecule neurotransmitter."

There is evidence that Beta-Alanine supplementation can increase exercise and cognitive performance, for some sporting modalities, and exercises within a 0.5–10 min time frame.
Beta-Alanine is converted within muscle cells into carnosine, which acts as a buffer for the lactic acid produced during high-intensity exercises, and helps delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue.
Ingestion of Beta-Alanine can cause paraesthesia, reported as a tingling sensation, in a dose-dependent fashion.

Aside from this, no important adverse effect of β-alanine has been reported, however, there is also no information on the effects of its long-term usage or its safety in combination with other supplements, and caution on its use has been advised.
Furthermore, many studies have failed to test for the purity of the supplements used and check for the presence of banned substances.

Beta-Alanine can undergo a transamination reaction with pyruvate to form malonate-semialdehyde and L-alanine. 
The malonate semialdehyde can then be converted into malonate via malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. 
Malonate is then converted into malonyl-CoA and enter fatty acid biosynthesis.

FEMA: 2233 | CAPSICUM EXTRACT (CAPSICUM SPP.)
Odor: at 100.00 %. chilis musty hay tobacco sweet herbal
Odor Type: spicy
CAS DataBase Reference: 8023-77-6
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): CAPSICUM, OLEORESIN (CAPSICUM SPP.)
FDA 21 CFR: 182.10; 182.20; 310.545; 582.10; 582.20

Beta-Alanine is marketed as a way to enhance sports performance and endurance. 
Some scientific evidence backs such uses, but the studies have been small and the results inconclusive.
Beta-Alanine is unique among amino acids because it is classified as a beta-amino acid, meaning the amino group is attached to the beta carbon (the second carbon from the carboxylic acid group), rather than the alpha carbon as seen in standard proteinogenic amino acids. 

This structural distinction not only sets it apart chemically but also functionally, as beta-alanine is not incorporated into proteins during synthesis by ribosomes. 
Instead, it plays a specialized role in enhancing physiological processes, particularly those associated with muscle performance and fatigue resistance.
One of the most significant biological functions of beta-alanine is its role in the production of carnosine, which is highly concentrated in skeletal muscle, especially in fast-twitch muscle fibers. 

These are the fibers most engaged during explosive movements like sprinting, jumping, or lifting heavy weights. 
Carnosine acts as an intracellular buffer, helping to regulate the pH within muscle cells during exercise by buffering the hydrogen ions that are released when lactic acid builds up. 
This buffering delays the onset of muscular acidosis, a major contributor to fatigue, thereby improving endurance and overall exercise capacity.

Scientific studies have consistently shown that supplementation with beta-alanine over a period of several weeks leads to increased intramuscular carnosine levels. 
This increase has been linked to enhanced performance in activities that last between 60 to 240 seconds, such as rowing, high-intensity cycling, or repeated sprint exercises.
However, even shorter-duration and longer-endurance activities may see benefits due to better pH regulation and reduced muscle fatigue over time.

Aside from its application in sports and fitness, beta-alanine is also of interest in medical and biochemical research. 
Beta-Alanine, the compound it helps synthesize, has been studied for its potential neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory effects. 
Some preliminary research suggests that carnosine might play a role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and could be relevant in the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, though this is still an emerging field of study.

In terms of dietary sources, beta-alanine is not typically found in plant-based foods in significant quantities, which means vegetarians and vegans often have lower baseline levels of carnosine in their muscles. 
As a result, they may respond even more positively to supplementation compared to omnivores, with greater increases in carnosine concentration after taking beta-alanine.

The safety profile of beta-alanine is generally favorable. The tingling sensation (paresthesia) it causes at higher doses is a benign side effect and can be avoided or minimized by taking smaller doses or extended-release formulas. 
Long-term studies have not reported serious adverse effects when used appropriately, making it a popular and well-tolerated supplement in sports nutrition.
The characteristic flavor of capsaicin can be detected in concentrations as low as 1 part in 11 million in aqueous solutions.

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid that is not used in the body to build proteins, but instead plays a unique and important role in enhancing physical performance. 
Beta-Alanine is most well known for being a key component in the synthesis of carnosine, a dipeptide molecule stored in muscle tissue that helps buffer acid during high-intensity exercise. 
This buffering capacity allows muscles to work harder and longer by delaying the onset of fatigue and reducing the accumulation of lactic acid.

Unlike alpha-alanine, which is one of the standard amino acids incorporated into proteins, beta-alanine has its amino group on the beta carbon instead of the alpha carbon. 
This structural difference makes it functionally distinct and gives it specific benefits related to muscle endurance and exercise capacity. 
Beta-Alanine is commonly found in sports supplements and is widely studied for its ability to enhance athletic performance, particularly during short bursts of high-intensity activity like weightlifting or sprinting.

In addition to being synthesized in the liver, beta-alanine can also be obtained through the diet, especially from meat and poultry products, as carnosine is naturally present in animal muscles. 
As a supplement, it is typically consumed in powder or capsule form and is often associated with a harmless tingling sensation known as paresthesia when taken in large doses.
Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid, which means that while the human body can synthesize it on its own, it can also be obtained through the consumption of certain foods, particularly animal-based proteins like beef, chicken, and fish, which naturally contain carnosine—a compound made from beta-alanine and histidine. 

In the body, beta-alanine’s primary biological role is to serve as a building block of carnosine, a molecule that is stored in high concentrations in skeletal muscles and acts as a pH buffer by neutralizing the hydrogen ions produced during intense physical activity.
When muscles engage in strenuous exercise, especially of an anaerobic nature, lactic acid levels rise, which leads to a decrease in pH (more acidity), causing the "burn" and fatigue that limits performance. 
By increasing the availability of beta-alanine, more carnosine can be produced and stored in muscles, thereby improving the muscle’s ability to resist fatigue and sustain high performance over a longer period. 

This mechanism makes beta-alanine supplementation particularly popular among athletes, sprinters, bodybuilders, and others who engage in short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
In addition to its performance-enhancing properties, beta-alanine has been studied for its potential antioxidant and anti-aging effects due to carnosine's ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent the glycation of proteins—a process involved in aging and chronic diseases. 

Although beta-alanine itself is not incorporated into proteins like most amino acids, its functional significance in metabolism and exercise science continues to make it a focus of research in sports nutrition and physiology.
Supplementing with beta-alanine is generally considered safe for healthy individuals when taken at recommended dosages, though some people may experience a temporary tingling sensation known as paresthesia, which occurs when high doses are taken quickly. 
This sensation is harmless and can often be minimized by taking smaller doses throughout the day or using sustained-release formulations.

Uses Of Beta-Alanine:
One of the most common uses of beta-alanine is as a dietary supplement to improve performance in short bursts of high-intensity physical activity. 
When taken over time, beta-alanine increases the concentration of carnosine in skeletal muscles, which helps buffer the build-up of hydrogen ions during anaerobic exercise. 
This buffering effect delays muscular fatigue, allowing athletes to train harder and for longer periods during exercises such as sprinting, weightlifting, or interval training.

Beta-alanine is particularly effective in exercises that involve repeated efforts or last between one and four minutes in duration. 
In these situations, the accumulation of lactic acid can cause a sharp decline in performance. 
By increasing intramuscular carnosine levels, beta-alanine helps maintain a stable pH environment within the muscle cells, thereby reducing acid-related fatigue and allowing for better performance throughout the workout session.

When taken as part of a structured resistance or endurance training program, beta-alanine may contribute to improvements in overall body composition. 
This is largely due to its role in supporting training volume and intensity. 
As athletes are able to push harder during workouts, they may experience increases in lean muscle mass and reductions in fat over time, particularly when combined with proper nutrition and recovery strategies.

Athletes involved in sports such as football, basketball, soccer, boxing, or mixed martial arts often rely on repeated short bursts of intense activity. 
Because of its ability to improve anaerobic capacity and muscular endurance, beta-alanine supplementation can be especially helpful in these sports, supporting quick recovery between rounds or plays and allowing sustained peak output across the duration of the event.

Some research suggests that beta-alanine supplementation may help older adults maintain physical performance and muscle function, particularly during aging when muscle carnosine levels naturally decline. 
This could potentially help preserve mobility, reduce fatigue during daily tasks, and support independence in aging populations when combined with regular physical activity.
Beta-alanine is a common ingredient in many pre-workout products, often paired with caffeine, creatine, or BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids). 

Beta-Alanines inclusion is intended to help users get the most out of their training sessions by increasing time to exhaustion and promoting improved performance during both resistance and cardio workouts.
Although still under investigation, beta-alanine’s role in synthesizing carnosine—an antioxidant and anti-glycation agent—has sparked interest in its potential use for neurological health and anti-aging purposes. 
Some studies are exploring whether beta-alanine may help protect brain cells from oxidative stress or reduce protein glycation associated with aging and chronic diseases.

Because beta-alanine allows athletes to push through more reps or complete more high-intensity intervals before fatigue sets in, it indirectly helps increase training volume, which is one of the most important factors in driving athletic progress. 
Over time, this increase in volume can lead to greater gains in strength, endurance, and hypertrophy (muscle growth), especially in sports or training programs that emphasize repeated explosive effort.
Since plant-based diets typically lack direct sources of carnosine, individuals who do not consume meat or animal products tend to have lower levels of muscle carnosine.

Supplementing with beta-alanine offers a practical and effective way for vegetarians and vegans to boost their carnosine stores and gain the same exercise performance benefits seen in omnivores, especially in high-intensity or endurance sports.
While beta-alanine is best known for improving short-term, high-intensity exercise, emerging research shows it may also support performance in longer-duration endurance events such as marathons, triathlons, or long-distance cycling. 

In these contexts, beta-alanine helps by reducing peripheral fatigue and improving performance during bursts of speed or inclines that require anaerobic effort in the middle of otherwise aerobic activities.
Some clinical research has investigated the use of beta-alanine supplementation in people with chronic fatigue conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 

Though still in early stages, the idea is that increasing muscular carnosine may help improve physical capacity and quality of life by delaying fatigue during low- to moderate-intensity daily movements in individuals with limited energy reserves.
Beta-alanine is particularly popular among CrossFit athletes and others who engage in high-intensity functional training, where workouts often involve multiple rounds of complex movements performed at high speed. 
Because beta-alanine improves recovery between efforts and sustains power output, it can be an ideal supplement for those looking to improve WOD (Workout of the Day) times and overall work capacity.

Some studies have explored the benefits of beta-alanine supplementation in military personnel and tactical athletes, such as firefighters or law enforcement officers. 
These professions often require bursts of intense effort under stressful conditions, and beta-alanine has been shown to improve repeated sprint ability, muscular endurance, and overall resilience during physically demanding tasks.
In bodybuilding, where maximizing training effectiveness and muscular endurance is key, beta-alanine is often stacked with other supplements like creatine, arginine, or BCAAs.

Beta-Alanine helps athletes squeeze out additional reps during high-rep hypertrophy training, which can lead to more muscle breakdown and growth over time when paired with proper recovery and protein intake.
Sports like rowing, swimming, and martial arts require a blend of explosive strength and sustained effort. 
Beta-alanine helps athletes in these sports manage muscle fatigue, maintain force output during repeated movements, and recover faster between rounds or intervals, ultimately giving them a performance edge over time.

Safety Profile Of Beta-Alanine:
When taken in moderate to high single doses—usually around 800 milligrams or more—beta-alanine can cause a temporary tingling or prickling sensation on the skin, known as paresthesia. 
This effect is most commonly felt in the face, neck, or extremities and typically occurs within 15 to 30 minutes of ingestion. 
Although this sensation can be surprising or uncomfortable for first-time users, it is not considered harmful and usually subsides within an hour. 

The effect is dose-dependent and can be minimized by taking smaller, more frequent doses or using a sustained-release formulation.
While generally well-tolerated, beta-alanine may cause mild stomach upset, nausea, or bloating when taken in high doses, especially on an empty stomach. 
To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal distress, it is often recommended to consume the supplement with food or to divide the total daily dose into multiple smaller servings throughout the day.

Most studies on beta-alanine supplementation range from four to twelve weeks in duration, with some extending up to several months. 
Although no major health risks have been reported in these studies, long-term data over multiple years are still limited. 
This means that while beta-alanine appears safe when used as directed for short- to medium-term supplementation, the long-term effects of chronically elevated carnosine levels in muscle tissue are not yet fully understood.

Since beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is not used directly in protein synthesis, excessive supplementation could, in theory, interfere with the natural balance of amino acids in the body or compete with other amino acids for absorption. 
However, this has not been a significant concern in research to date, and no serious amino acid imbalances have been linked to responsible use of beta-alanine.

People with pre-existing medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disease, should consult with a healthcare provider before beginning beta-alanine supplementation, especially since the long-term impact on these systems is still under research. 
Similarly, pregnant or breastfeeding individuals are advised to avoid beta-alanine supplements due to the lack of conclusive safety data in these populations.