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EC / List no.: 230-636-6
CAS no.: 7235-40-7
Mol. formula: C40H56
Beta Carotene is an organic, strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits.
Beta Carotene is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons.
Among the carotenes, Beta Carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.
In some Mucoralean fungi, Beta Carotene is a precursor to the synthesis of trisporic acid.
Beta Carotene is the most common form of carotene in plants. When used as a food coloring, it has the E number E160a.: 119 The structure was deduced by Karrer et al. in 1930.
In nature, Beta Carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase.
Isolation of Beta Carotene from fruits abundant in carotenoids is commonly done using column chromatography.
Beta Carotene can also be extracted from the beta-carotene rich algae, Dunaliella salina.
The separation of Beta Carotene from the mixture of other carotenoids is based on the polarity of a compound.
Beta Carotene is a non-polar compound, so it is separated with a non-polar solvent such as hexane.
Being highly conjugated, it is deeply colored, and as a hydrocarbon lacking functional groups, it is very lipophilic.
Provitamin A activity
Plant carotenoids are the primary dietary source of provitamin A worldwide, with Beta Carotene as the best-known provitamin A carotenoid.
Others include α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
Carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E (α-tocopherol).
One molecule of Beta Carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme β,Beta Carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A.
Absorption efficiency is estimated to be between 9 and 22%.
The absorption and conversion of carotenoids may depend on the form of Beta Carotene (e.g., cooked vs. raw vegetables, or in a supplement), the intake of fats and oils at the same time, and the current stores of vitamin A and Beta Carotene in the body.
Researchers list these factors that determine the provitamin A activity of carotenoids:
Species of carotene
Molecular linkage
Amount in the meal
Matrix properties
Effectors
Nutrient status
Genetics
Host specificity
Interactions between factors
Symmetric and asymmetric cleavage
In the molecular chain between the two cyclohexyl rings, Beta Carotene cleaves either symmetrically or asymmetrically.
Symmetric cleavage with the enzyme β,Beta Carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase requires an antioxidant such as α-tocopherol.
This symmetric cleavage gives two equivalent retinal molecules and each retinal molecule further reacts to give retinol (vitamin A) and retinoic acid.
Beta Carotene is also cleaved into two asymmetric products; the product is β-apocarotenal (8',10',12'). Asymmetric cleavage reduces the level of retinoic acid significantly.
Conversion factors
Since 2001, the US Institute of Medicine uses retinol activity equivalents (RAE) for their Dietary Reference Intakes, defined as follows:[16]
Retinol activity equivalents (RAEs)
1 µg RE = 1 µg retinol
1 µg RAE = 2 µg all-trans-Beta Carotene from supplements
1 µg RAE = 12 µg of all-trans-Beta Carotene from food
1 µg RAE = 24 µg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin from food
RAE takes into account carotenoids' variable absorption and conversion to vitamin A by humans better than and replaces the older retinol equivalent (RE) (1 µg RE = 1 µg retinol, 6 µg Beta Carotene, or 12 µg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin).
RE was developed 1967 by the United Nations/World Health Organization Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO/WHO).
Another older unit of vitamin A activity is the international unit (IU).
Like retinol equivalent, the international unit does not take into account carotenoids' variable absorption and conversion to vitamin A by humans, as well as the more modern retinol activity equivalent.
Unfortunately, food and supplement labels still generally use IU, but IU can be converted to the more useful retinol activity equivalent as follows:
International Units
1 µg RAE = 3.33 IU retinol
1 IU retinol = 0.3 μg RAE
1 IU Beta Carotene from supplements = 0.3 μg RAE
1 IU Beta Carotene from food = 0.05 μg RAE
1 IU α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin from food = 0.025 μg RAE1
Dietary sources
Beta-carotene is found in many foods and is sold as a dietary supplement.
Beta Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables.
Vietnamese gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes.
The color of Beta Carotene is masked by chlorophyll in green leaf vegetables such as spinach, kale, sweet potato leaves, and sweet gourd leaves.
Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil have the highest content of Beta Carotene of any known plant sources, 10 times higher than carrots, for example.
However, gac is quite rare and unknown outside its native region of Southeast Asia, and crude palm oil is typically processed to remove the carotenoids before sale to improve the color and clarity.
The average daily intake of Beta Carotene is in the range 2–7 mg, as estimated from a pooled analysis of 500,000 women living in the US, Canada, and some European countries.[20]
The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists these 10 foods to have the highest Beta Carotene content per serving.
Nanotechnology
Dispersed Beta Carotene molecules can be encapsulated into carbon nanotubes enhancing their optical properties.
Efficient energy transfer occurs between the encapsulated dye and nanotube — light is absorbed by the dye and without significant loss is transferred to the nanotube.
Encapsulation increases chemical and thermal stability of Beta Carotene molecules; it also allows their isolation and individual characterization
Beta Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities.
As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.
This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol.
A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
Beta Carotene has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant.
Beta Carotene is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end group.
Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units.
The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors.
Beta Carotene is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A.
Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups.
Beta Carotene is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits.
Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).
Beta Carotene is applied as a food coloring additive, as provitamin A in food and feed, in multivitamin products, as an antioxidant, and as a colorant for cosmetics.
In the literature, a number of microorganisms are described that are capable of accumulating b-carotene up to relatively high levels, for example, the fungi B. trispora, Phycomyces blakesleanus, the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis, and the above-mentioned alga D. salina. Production processes were developed with mutants of B. trispora in the former Soviet Union (cf. Sect. 2.3) and for D. salina.
Among the b-carotene–producing algae, D. salina is currently the best-known and most efficient producer: D. salina cells are able to synthesize b-carotene in levels a thousand times higher than those of carrots.
Dunaliella is also able to synthesize a-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein.
The unicellular green alga D. salina is grown in open ponds without (hardly any) process control.
Beta Carotene was shown that the highest production levels were obtained with high light intensities, nitrogen limitation, and stress-inducing temperatures.
This has resulted in b-carotene levels up to 12 % of the dry mass.
The production facilities are located in places where optimum conditions are found, namely in Australia, Israel, and in the United States; these places benefit from a lot of sunshine, little cloudiness, the availability of saline water, and high average temperatures.
Uses
Beta-Carotene is a colorant that is a carotenoid producing a yellow to orange hue.
Beta Carotene has good tinctorial strength, fair light stability, poor oxidation stability, and good ph stability.
Beta Carotene is insoluble in water but is available in water-dispersible, oil-dispersible, and oil- soluble forms.
Beta Carotene has vitamin a activity.
Beta Carotene has a natural resistance to ascorbic acid reduction in beverages and thus is used in orange- colored liquid products.
Beta Carotene is used in margarine, oils, cheese, and puddings at levels required to produce the desired color. related colorants are canthaxanthin and beta-apo-8-carotenal.
antioxidant; provitamin A
Yellow coloring agent for foods.
Most important of the provitamins A.
Widely distributed in the plant and animal kingdom.
In plants it occurs almost always together with chlorophyll.
Vitamin A precursor.
Ultraviolet screen
beta-carotene is a known anti-oxidant.
Beta Carotene has demonstrated photo protection properties particularly when taken internally.
Beta Carotene is also used as a yellow-orange color additive.
Beta-carotene is a caratinoid and a precursor to vitamin A.
Beta Carotene is beneficial for dry and flaking skin. naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables that contain orange-yellow pigment, such as apricots, carrots, mangoes, and oranges, beta-carotene can also be synthetically manufactured.
Manufacturing Process
3.6 g (0.023 mol) of 3,8-dimethyl-3,5,7-decatrien-1,9-diyne were dissolved in 50 ml of absolute ether, and to the solution was added 0.05 mol of ethereal phenyl-lithium solution.
The mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes.
Then a solution of 11 g (0.05 mol) of 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-methyl- 2-buten-1-al in 100 ml of ether was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture was boiled for 2 hours.
The reaction mixture was then hydrolyzed with aqueous ammonium acetate solution, and the ethereal layer was separated, dried and concentrated.
The residue, i.e., 1,18-di(2,6,6-trimethyl-1- cyclohexen-1-yl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-4,15-dihydroxy-2,7,9,11,16- octadecapentaen-5,13-diyne, was a resinous product (having 1.9 active hydrogen atoms and absorption maxima in the ultraviolet spectrum at 326 and 341 nm) which was used for the next step without any further purification.
The resin was dissolved in 200 ml of methylene chloride, 10 ml of glacial acetic acid were added to the solution, and the mixture was cooled to - 40°C in a carbon dioxide atmosphere, while stirring.
Then, 9 ml of aqueous hydrobromic acid (60%) were added in one portion, the mixture was stirred at -35°C for 1.5 minutes, and subsequently 200 ml of ice water were run into the mixture.
After further stirring the mixture for 2 hours at 0°C, the methylene chloride layer was separated, washed with water and sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with Na2SO4 andconcentrated in vacuo.
The residue, i.e., 11,12-11',12'-bisdehydro-betta-carotene, was a tough resin or a foamy solid (having no active hydrogen atoms and possessing absorption maxima in the ultraviolet spectrum at 334 and 408 nm).
This product can be purified by chromatography.
The crude product can also be used for the next step without any preliminary purification.
11.4 g of 11,12-11',12'-bisdehydro-β-carotene were dissolved in 100 ml of petroleum ether (boiling range 80° to100°C), and the solution was hydrogenated under normal conditions after the addition of 0.5 ml of quinoline and 5 g of a lead-poisoned palladium catalyst.
After the calculated amount of hydrogen had been absorbed, the catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was extracted with dilute sulfuric acid to remove the quinoline.
By concentrating the solution in the usual manner there was obtained 11,12- 11',12'-di-cis-carotene.
The product was purified by recrystallization from benzene-alcohol.
The purified product melts at 154°C; absorption maxima in the ultraviolet spectrum at 276, 334, 338, 401 and 405 nm.
The isomerization was effected by heating the product for 10 hours at 90 to 100°C in high-boiling petroleum ether in a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
The resulting and carotene melted at 180°C; ultraviolet absorption maxima at 452 and 480 nm.
Preparation of the intermediates for the above chemical synthesis are also described in US. Patent 2,917,539.
The other patents cited below describe a fermentation route. US Patent 2,848,508 describes preparation from carrots.
Purification Methods
Beta Carotene forms purple prisms when crystallised from *C6H6/MeOH and red rhombs from pet ether.
Its solubility in hexane is 0.1% at 0o.
Beta Carotene is oxygen sensitive and should be stored under N2 at -20o in the dark. Beta Carotene gives a deep blue colour with λmax at 590nm when mixed with SbCl3 in CHCl3.
UV: (*C6H6) 429infl, max at 454 and 484nm.
The principal peak at 454nm has 1cm 1% 2000.
[Synthesis: Surmatis & Ofner J Org Chem 26 1171 1961; Milas et al. J Am Chem Soc 72 4844 1950.] β-Carotene is also purified by column chromatography (Al2O3 activity I-II).
Beta Carotene is dissolved in pet ether/*C6H6 (10:1), applied to the column and eluted with pet ether/EtOH; the desired fraction is evaporated and the residue is recrystallised from *C6H6/MeOH (violet-red plates). [UV: Inhoffen et al.
Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 570 54, 68 1950; Review: Fleming Selected Organic Synthesis (J Wiley, Lond) pp. 70-74 1973.]
Alternatively it can be purified by chromatography on a magnesia column, thin layer of Kieselguhr or magnesia.
Crystallise it from CS2/MeOH, Et2O/pet ether, acetone/pet ether or toluene/MeOH.
Store it in the dark, under an inert atmosphere, at -20o. Recrystallise it also from 1:1 EtOH/CHCl3
Beta carotene is a red-orange pigment found in plants and fruits, especially carrots and colorful vegetables.
The name beta carotene comes from the Greek “beta” and Latin “carota” (carrot).
Beta carotene is the yellow/orange pigment that gives vegetables and fruits their rich colors.
H. Wachenroder crystallized beta carotene from carrot roots in 1831, and came up with the name “carotene”.
Fast facts on beta carotene
Here are some key points about beta carotene.
More detail and supporting information is in the main article.
Beta carotene is a red/orange pigment found in many fresh fruits and vegetables
Beta carotene is converted into vitamin A, an essential vitamin
Vitamin A is toxic at high levels
Beta carotene is a carotenoid and an antioxidant
Foods rich in vitamin A include onions, carrots, peas, spinach and squash
One study showed that smokers with high beta carotene intake might have an increased risk of lung cancer
Some evidence suggests that beta carotene might slow cognitive decline
Beta carotene supplements interact with certain drugs, including statins and mineral oil
Beta carotene might help older people retain their lung strength as they age.
The human body converts beta carotene into vitamin A (retinol) – beta carotene is a precursor of vitamin A.
We need vitamin A for healthy skin and mucus membranes, our immune system, and good eye health and vision.
Beta carotene in itself is not an essential nutrient, but vitamin A is.
Beta carotene’s chemical formula – C40H56 – was discovered in 1907
Vitamin A can be sourced from the food we eat, through beta carotene, for example, or in supplement form.
The advantage of dietary beta carotene is that the body only converts as much as it needs.
Excess vitamin A is toxic.
Toxic vitamin A levels can occur if you consume too many supplements.
Uses and benefits of beta carotene
There are a number of ways that beta carotene can benefit human health.
Below, we give some examples:
Beta carotene is an antioxidant
Beta carotene, like all carotenoids, is an antioxidant.
An antioxidant is a substance that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules; it protects the body from free radicals.
Free radicals damage cells through oxidation.
Eventually, the damage caused by free radicals can cause several chronic illnesses.
Several studies have shown that antioxidants through diet help people’s immune systems, protect against free radicals, and lower the risk of developing cancer and heart disease.
Some studies have suggested that those who consume at least four daily servings of beta carotene rich fruits and/or vegetables have a lower risk of developing cancer or heart disease.
Beta carotene may slow down cognitive decline
Men who have been taking beta carotene supplements for 15 or more years are considerably less likely to experience cognitive decline than other males, researchers from Harvard Medical School reported in Archives of Internal Medicine (November 2007 issue).
Oxidative stress is thought to be a key factor in cognitive decline, the researchers explained. Studies have shown that antioxidant supplements may help prevent the deterioration of cognition.
Their study, involving 4,052 men, compared those on beta carotene supplements for an average of 18 years to others who were given placebo.
Over the short-term, they found no difference in cognitive decline risk between the two groups of men, but in the long-term it was clear that beta carotene supplements made a significant difference.
The researchers emphasized that there may have been other factors which contributed to the slower decline in cognitive abilities among the men in the beta carotene group.
Beta carotene keeps lungs healthy as people age
The BMJ published a report in March 2006 which showed that high blood beta carotene levels compensate for some of the damage to the lungs caused by oxygen free radicals.
They measured the FEV1 of 535 participants and measured their beta carotene blood levels.
FEV1 measures how much air you can breathe out in one go.
They found that those with high beta carotene levels had much slower decline in FEV1 measures.
Which foods are rich in beta carotene?
The following foods are rich in beta carotene:
Apricots
Asparagus
Broccoli
Carrots
Chinese cabbage
Chives
Dandelion leaves
Grapefruit
Herbs and spices – chilli powder, oregano, paprika, parsley
Kale
Ketchup
Many margarines
Onions
Peas
Peppers
Plums
Pumpkin
Spinach
Squash
Sweet potatoes.
If you follow a healthy diet rich in beta carotene you do not need supplements.
As mentioned above, supplements can lead to undesirable excesses in beta carotene levels – this cannot occur if your source is from the food you eat.
Beta-carotene is one of a group of red, orange, and yellow pigments called carotenoids.
Beta-carotene and other carotenoids provide approximately 50% of the vitamin A needed in the American diet. Beta-carotene can be found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Beta carotene can also be made in a laboratory.
Beta-carotene is used for an inherited disorder marked by sensitivity to light (erythropoietic protoporphyria or EPP).
Beta carotene is also used to prevent certain cancers, heart disease, cataracts, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
There are many global health authorities that recommend getting beta-carotene and other antioxidants from food instead of supplements.
Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily provides 6-8 mg of beta-carotene.
How does it work ?
Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A, an essential nutrient. Beta carotene has antioxidant activity, which helps to protect cells from damage.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
Effective for
An inherited disorder marked by sensitivity to light (erythropoietic protoporphyria or EPP)."
Taking beta-carotene by mouth can reduce sensitivity to the sun in people with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Possibly Effective for
Breast cancer.
Eating more beta-carotene in the diet is linked to a lower risk of breast cancer in high risk, pre-menopausal females.
This includes those with a family history of breast cancer and those who consume a lot of alcohol.
Also, in those that already have breast cancer, eating more beta-carotene in the diet is linked to an increased chance of survival.
Complications after childbirth.
Taking beta-carotene by mouth before, during, and after pregnancy might decrease the risk of diarrhea and fever after childbirth.
Beta carotene also seems to reduce the risk of pregnancy-related death in underfed patients.
Sunburn.
Taking beta-carotene by mouth may decrease sunburn in people sensitive to the sun.
However, taking beta-carotene is unlikely to have much effect on sunburn risk in most people.
Also, beta-carotene does not appear to reduce the risk of skin cancer or other skin disorders associated with sun exposure.
Beta carotene is a plant pigment that gives red, orange, and yellow vegetables their vibrant color.
Beta carotene is considered a provitamin A carotenoid, meaning that the body can convert it into vitamin A (retinol).
Additionally, beta carotene has powerful antioxidant properties.
The name is derived from the Latin word for carrot. Beta carotene was discovered by the scientist Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Wackenroder, who crystallized it from carrots in 1831.
This article looks at:
the benefits of beta carotene
which foods contain it
how much your body needs
possible risks related to beta carotene supplements
What are the benefits?
In addition to serving as a dietary source of provitamin A, beta carotene functions as an antioxidant.
Antioxidants are compounds that neutralize unstable molecules called free radicals. When free-radical numbers get too high in the body, causing an imbalance, it leads to cellular and tissue damage, known as oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is a known contributor to the development of certain chronic diseases. Antioxidants like beta carotene help reduce or prevent oxidative stress in the body.
Plenty of research shows that diets rich in antioxidants can boost health.
By reducing oxidative stress in the body, antioxidants may help protect against conditions such as:
certain cancers
heart disease
cognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s disease
Research has linked eating foods rich in beta carotene and taking beta carotene supplements with the following health benefits:
Better cognitive function
Beta carotene may improve your cognitive function, according to some studies, due to its antioxidant effects.
A 2018 Cochrane review that included eight studies that focused on antioxidants, including beta carotene, found small benefits associated with beta carotene supplementation on cognitive function and memory.
Keep in mind that the cognitive benefits related to beta carotene were only associated with long-term supplementation over an average of 18 years.
That said, the researchers didn’t find a significant effect in the short term, and they concluded that more research is needed.
The potential benefits of beta carotene supplements on cognitive health needs more research.
However, there’s good evidence that eating fruits and vegetables in general, including those rich in beta carotene, can decrease the risk of cognitive decline and conditions like dementia.
Good skin health
Beta carotene may also help boost your skin’s health. Again, this is likely due to its antioxidant effects.
A 2012 review reports that getting plenty of antioxidant micronutrients, including beta carotene, can increase the skin’s defenses against UV radiation and helps maintain skin health and appearance.
The researchers note, though, that the sun protection dietary beta carotene provides is considerably lower than using a topical sunscreen.
Lung health
Research into the effect of beta carotene on lung health is mixed.
Vitamin A, which the body creates from beta carotene, helps the lungs work properly.
In addition, people who eat plenty of food that contains beta carotene might have a lower risk for certain kinds of cancer, including lung cancer.
A 2017 study of more than 2,500 people suggested that eating fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids, such as beta carotene, had a protective effect against lung cancer.
That said, studies have not shown that supplements have the same effect as eating fresh vegetables.
In fact, taking beta carotene supplements might actually increase the risk of developing lung cancer for people who smoke.
Eye health
Diets rich in carotenoids like beta carotene may help promote eye health and protect against diseases that affect the eyes including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease that causes vision loss.
Research has shown that having high blood levels of carotenoids — including beta carotene — may reduce the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration by as much as 35 percent.
Plus, studies have shown that diets high in fruits and vegetables rich in beta carotene may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of AMD in people who smoke.
General
Beta-carotene is a type of substance called a carotenoid.
Carotenoids give plants such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and apricots their reddish-violet colors.
Beta-carotene is a provitamin. This means it's used by your body to make vitamin A.
Provitamin A is only found in plants. Vitamin A is also found in foods from animals.
Vitamin A from animal sources is called preformed vitamin A.
This means it is in a form your body can use directly.
It's found in dairy products, fish oils, eggs, and meat (especially liver).
Vitamin A is available in multivitamins and as a stand-alone supplement.
Vitamin A supplements can contain only beta-carotene, only preformed vitamin A, or a combination of both types of vitamin A.
If your body doesn't use all the beta-carotene you eat to make vitamin A, the beta-carotene that remains circulates in your body. Beta-carotene is also an antioxidant.
Beta carotene helps keep cells healthy.
Main functions
Beta-carotene and vitamin A play a vital part in the reproductive process.
They also help keep skin, eyes, and the immune system healthy.
Demonstrated uses
Beta-carotene and other carotenoids help reduce free radical damage in your body.
Taking beta-carotene supplements can help you get enough vitamin A.
These supplements are considered safe.
Reasons for increased need
Poor nutrition is a leading cause of beta-carotene and vitamin A deficiency.
These problems can keep you from getting enough vitamin A:
Lactose intolerance
Celiac disease (Sprue)
Cystic fibrosis
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may need to take supplements. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider before doing this.
Beta carotene is a vitamin A precursor (retinol) and the most important of the provitamins A.
Beta carotene is cleaved to form two molecules of retinal, one of which is further metabolized to form retinol and retinoic acid.
There are three isomers of carotene, alpha, beta and gamma, with the beta isomer being most active.
Retinoids affect gene expression through nuclear receptors (various retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors).
Beta carotene is used to prevent vitamin A deficiency, although vitamin A itself is usually preferred to treat this condition
Beta Carotene is a carotenoid compound responsible for giving fruits and vegetables their orange pigment.
A powerful antioxidant, beta-carotene has been found to help protect against cancer and aging (however beta-carotene supplements can increase lung cancer risk for smokers).
Beta-carotene is a fat-soluble vitamin, so eating the following foods with a fat like olive oil or nuts can help absorption.
Foods high in beta-carotene include sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens, butternut squash, cantaloupe, lettuce, red bell peppers, apricots, broccoli, and peas.
There is no official recommended daily allowance (RDA) for beta-carotene, but a figure of 10800μg per day can be used as a general target.
Beta-Carotene Powder 10% CWS is a red or red-brown free-flowing powder, manufactured with spray drying adopting the advanced microencapsulation technology. The individual particles containing beta-carotene are finely dispersed in carbohydrates. Ascorbyl palmitate and dl-alpha-tocopherol are added as antioxidants.
About Beta carotene
Helpful information
Beta carotene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Beta carotene is used by consumers, in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Consumer Uses
Beta carotene is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Beta carotene is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Beta carotene is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.
Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Beta carotene. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Beta carotene is most likely to be released to the environment.
Formulation or re-packing
Beta carotene is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of Beta carotene can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. Beta carotene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Beta carotene can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Manufacture
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Beta carotene is most likely to be released to the environment.
Beta-carotene or beta-carotene is a substance found in various fruits and vegetables.
This substance will later turn into vitamin A in the body.
If you often consume fruits and vegetables, then your beta-carotene needs will be met.
Information
Many people say that beta carotene is vitamin A. This is reasonable considering that the substance will turn into vitamin A in the body. there are so many uses or benefits of this one substance to deal with various problems with body conditions including:
Diarrhea
Long term illness
Liver disease
Pancreatic disease
malabsorption disorders
Various types of cancer, such as breast cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer
Asthma due to activity
Cystic fibrosis
osteoarthritis
sunburnt skin
Cervical dysplasia
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Another function of this substance is to meet the nutritional needs of women who are pregnant.
Beta carotene can also reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy and prevent diarrhea that occurs after childbirth.
IUPAC NAMES:
beta.,.beta.-Carotene
1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12, 16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11, 13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene
1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene
1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene
beta,beta-Carotene
beta,beta-carotene
β,β-carotene
β-carotene
SYNONYMS:
SOLATENE
PROVITAMIN A1
PROVITAMIN A
TRANS-B-CAROTENE
TRANS-BETA-CAROTENE
(all-E)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene)
1,1’-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-cyclohexen
1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-Octadecanonene,3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-cyclohex-1-ene,2,6,6-trimethyl-
6-trimethyl-18-diyl)bis((all-e)-6
all-E-beta-Carotene
all-trans-beta-caroten
All-trans-beta-Carotene
beta-Carotene, all-trans-
BetaVit
C.I. 75130
c.i.75130
Carotaben
CAROTENE, beta
Cyclohexene, 1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,1 8-diyl)bis*2,6,6-trimethyl-, (all-E)-
BETA-CAROTENE
BETA CAROTENE NATURAL
B-CAROTENE
CAROTENE TYPE II
CAROTENE TYPE I
CAROTENE, B-
Beta-caroten
BETA-CAROTENE, ~1600 U/MG
TRANS-B-CAROTENE, TYPE I, SYNTHETIC
B-CAROTENE TYPE II SYNTHETIC
Beta-Carotene,Crystalline
beta,beta-all-trans-Carotene
beta-Carotene,naturalvegetableOilSolution
beta-Carotene,naturaldry,waterdispersable
beta-Carotene,natural,crystal
BETA-CAROTENE,10%,POWDER
(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene
CAROTENE, B-(SH)
BETA-CAROTENESUPPLEMENTS
RETRODEHYDRO-BETA-CAROTENE
DUNALIELLACAROTENE
CAROTENES(VEGETABLE)
BETA-CAROTENEEXTRACTSFROMALGAE
CAROTENES(ALGAE)
CARROTPIGMENT
ALGALBETA-CAROTENE
BETA-CAROTENEFROMBLAKESLEATRISPORA
15-CIS-BETA-CAROTENE
FOODORANGE5
ALL-TRANS-BETA-CARROTENE
9-CIS-BETA-CAROTENE
Cyclohexene, 1,1'-(3,7,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-(all-e)-
C.I.Food Orange 5
β-Carotine
trans-$-Carotene,96%
beta-Carotene,99%
beta-Carotene,95%
Carotin
Provitanin A
