Quick Search
Carboxyethane, also known as propanoic acid, is a naturally occurring three-carbon carboxylic acid that can be used as a preservative in food with the European food additive number E280.
Carboxyethane (/proʊpiˈɒnɪk/, from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H.
CAS Number: 79-09-4
EC Number: 201-176-3
IUPAC Name: Propanoic acid
Chemical Formula: CH3CH2COOH, C2H5COOH, C3O2H6
Other names: Carboxyethane, Methylacetic acid, Ethyl formic acid, Ethanecarboxylic acid, Propanoic acid, ethylformic acid, methylacetic acid, INS No. 280, Pseudo acetic acid, Carboxyethane, Meta cetonic acid, Ethane carboxylic acid, Ethyl formic acid, Luprosil, Methyl acetic acid, Propanoic acid, Prozoin, Propanoic acid, Propanyl acid, Acid C3, ANTISCHIM B, CARBOXYETHANE, E-280, ETHYLFORMIC ACID, FEMA NO. 2924, INS NO.280, INS-280, LUPROSIL, METACETONIC ACID, METHYLACETIC ACID, PROPANOIC ACID, PROPIONATE, Acide propionique, Acido Propionico, Adofeed, Antischim B, Carboxyethane, E 280, Ethanecarboxylic acid, Ethylformic acid, Luprosil, Metacetonic acid, Methylacetic acid, MonoProp, Natural Propionic Acid, Propanoic Acid, PropcornPropionic acid 99.0+ % (acidimetric) for analysis, Propionic acid solution, Propionsaeure, Propionsaure, Propkorn, Prozoin, Pseudoacetic acid, Toxi-Check, Un3463, Carboxyethane, Ethanecarboxylic acid, Ethylformic acid, Metacetonic acid, Methylacetic acid, C3:0 (Lipid numbers), propionic acid, Propanoic acid, ethylformic acid, methylacetic acid, Carboxyethane, Ethanecarboxylic acid, Pseudoacetic acid, Metacetonic acid, Luprosil, Monoprop, Prozoin, Propionoic acid, Antischim B, Acide propionique, Methyl acetic acid, Sentry grain preserver, C3 acid, Tenox P grain preservative, Caswell No. 707, Propionic acid grain preserver, Propionsaeure, Propcorn, Propkorn, propoic acid, Propioic acid, acide propanoique, FEMA No. 2924, Propionic acid (natural), Kyselina propionova, Carboxylic acids, C1-5, CCRIS 6096, proprionic acid, C1-5 Carboxylic acids, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 077702, Propanyl acid, HSDB 1192, UNII-JHU490RVYR, n-propionic acid, Toxi-Check, AI3-04167, CH3-CH2-COOH, UN1848, BRN 0506071, Propionic acid [NF], CHEBI:30768, JHU490RVYR, CHEMBL14021, metacetonate, propanate, pseudoacetate, ethanecarboxylate, Propionic acid (NF), Propionic acid [UN1848], Propionic acid, >=99.5%, FEMA Number 2924, Fatty acids, C3-24, Luprisol, proponic acid, 1-propanoic acid, 2-methylacetic acid, Acid C3, EtCO2H, Propionic acid, 99%, Propanoic acid (9CI), C2H5COOH, DSSTox_CID_5961, bmse000179, Epitope ID:139981, Propionic acid, >=99%, Propionic acid, 99.5%, DSSTox_GSID_25961, Propionic Acid Reagent Grade, NATURAL PROPIONIC ACID, Propionic acid (6CI,8CI), Propionic acid, 99%, FCC, GTPL1062, INS NO.280, DTXSID8025961, AMY4114, INS-280, Top distillation cut by-product acids, monobasic (C1-C5), Methylacetic Acid, Propanoic Acid, Propionic acid, ACS reagent grade, Carboxymethoxylaminehemihydrochloride, Propionic acid, analytical standard, ZINC6050663, Propionic acid, natural, 99%, FG, Tox21_304030, BDBM50082199, LMFA01010003, STL168039, Propionic acid, feed grade, 98.7%, AKOS000118853, DB03766, MCULE-2199051150, UN 1848, Propionic acid, for synthesis, 99.5%, NCGC00357239-01, Propionic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG, BP-20411, E280, Propionic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, S067, E-280, FT-0637136, FT-0658557, P0500, Propionic acid, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, C00163, D02310, Propionic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, Propionic acid, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC), Q422956, F2191-0098
Carboxyethane is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor.
The anion CH3CH2CO2− as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates.
In our body, Carboxyethane is produced from the breakdown of amino acids and the oxidation of fatty acids.
Carboxyethane also presents in sweat and brings a vinegar-like smell in certain people.
Carboxyethane is the undissociated form of propionic acid that has antimicrobial activity.
The undissociated Carboxyethane penetrates into the microbial cell membrane and enters into cytoplasm.
Carboxyethane is a volatile acid.
And unlike with Carboxyethane's salts, potassium, sodium propionate and calcium propionate in powder or granular form, Carboxyethane is an oily liquid with a slightly pungent and rancid odor.
Carboxylic acid is active to produce the derivatives of ester, anhydride, amide, and chloride by the reaction of esterification, internal esterification, amine reaction, and substitution reaction respectively.
Alpha-c of carboxylic acid: halogenation can happen with bromine.
Carboxyethane is a weak acid that dissociates H3O+ and CH3CH2COO- (conjugate base) when Carboxyethanereacts with water.
Carboxyethane's PKa value is 4.88, less acidity than benzoic acid and sorbic acid.
The following is the dissociation equation in water.
H3CCH2CO2H(aq) +H2O(l)⇌H3CCH2CO−2+H3O+
Carboxyethane's PH value 3.96 at the concentration of 1nmol/L.
Carboxyethane has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids.
Carboxyethane is miscible with water, but can be removed from water by adding salt.
As with acetic and formic acids, Carboxyethane consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor.
Carboxyethane displays the general properties of carboxylic acids: Carboxyethane can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives.
Carboxyethane undergoes the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction that involves α-halogenation of a carboxylic acid with bromine, catalysed by phosphorus tribromide, in this case to form 2-bromopropanoic acid, CH3CHBrCOOH.
Carboxyethane has been used to prepare a racemic mixture of alanine by ammonolysis.
The propionate /ˈproʊpiəneɪt/, or propanoate, ion is C2H5COO−, the conjugate base of Carboxyethane.
Carboxyethane is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH.
A propionic, or propanoic, compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of Carboxyethane.
In these compounds, propionate is often written in shorthand, as CH3CH2CO2 or simply EtCO2.
Carboxyethane is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers.
Cellulose-acetate-propionate is a useful thermoplastic.
Vinyl propionate is also used.
In biogas plants, propionic acid is a common intermediate product, which is formed by fermentation with Carboxyethane bacteria.
Carboxyethane's degradation in anaerobic environments (e.g. biogas plants) requires the activity of complex microbial communities.
Carboxyethane is produced biologically as its coenzyme A ester, propionyl-CoA, from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids containing odd numbers of carbon atoms, and also from the breakdown of some amino acids.
Bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium produce Carboxyethane as the end-product of their anaerobic metabolism.
This class of bacteria is commonly found in the stomachs of ruminants and the sweat glands of humans, and their activity is partially responsible for the odor of Emmental cheese, American "Swiss cheese" and sweat.
The metabolism of Carboxyethane begins with Carboxyethane's conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids.
Since Carboxyethane has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles.
In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA.
A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle and can be readily incorporated there.
Carboxyethane serves as a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis via conversion to succinyl-CoA.
Additionally, exogenous Carboxyethane administration results in more endogenous glucose production than can be accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone.
Carboxyethane is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid.
Carboxyethane is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor.
Carboxyethane inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight.
Methyluxic, propane or Carboxyethane known as food additive E280.
Carboxyethane's main property is related to application as a preservative, since Carboxyethane can inhibit development of mold microorganisms and bacteria.
The main direction of production consuming a significant amount of preservative is production of bread, baking, dough preparation, processing of grain.
Carboxyethane is a caustic, colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Carboxyethane has the concentration of 99.5%.
Carboxyethane can also be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre
Carboxyethane is a monobasic, unpleasantly pungent smelling, saturated, slightly corrosive organic acid (fatty acid), which can be detected in humans in urine and sweat, among other things.
Carboxyethane and Carboxyethane's salts (propionates) sodium propionate(E 281), calcium propionate(E 282) and potassium propionate(E 283) are authorised as food additives.
They have an antimicrobial effect against certain types of bacteria, yeast and mould, e.g. they prevent bread from going mouldy.
Carboxyethane occurs naturally in small amounts in certain types of cheese.
Maximum levels of 1.0 to 3.0 g/kg of food apply to the various products.
Carboxyethane is found in various plants in their essential oils.
In the large intestine, Carboxyethane is formed by bacteria, especially in high-fibre diets.
This process breaks down indigestible food components.
This process produces short-chain fatty acids such as acetic, propionic and butyric acid.
These are absorbed in the large intestine and thus become systemically effective.
Carboxyethane, propionic acid molecule.
Carboxyethane is short-chain saturated fatty acid, antifungal drug, antimicrobial agent Carboxyethane.
Carboxyethane, Sodium Salt is a safe, simple and economical alternative to Propionic Acid as a fly food preservative.
This odorless white powder, Carboxyethane, is easily water soluble and is not considered a hazardous material.
No loss of performance has been reported by the kitchens who have changed to the salt form of Carboxyethane, making Carboxyethane, Sodium Salt the best overall decision in food production.
To make 1 L of 1M Propionic Acid from Propionic Acid, Sodium Salt, dissolve 96.06g of Carboxyethane Salt (Sodium Propionate) in 500ml of distilled water to make 2M Sodium Propionate solution.
Add 500ml 2M HCl to 2M Sodium Propionate Solution to make 1L.
Propionates occur naturally in small amounts in natural foods such as cheese and are also produced naturally in the human gut as part of the digestion process.
Carboxyethane is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH.
Carboxyethane is a clear liquid with a pungent odor.
Carboxyethane inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight.
Emulsifier Carboxyethane is a colorless, oily liquid with a pungent and rancid odor.
Emulsifier Carboxyethane occurs naturally in dairy products.
Carboxyethane is a three-carbon carboxylic acid, CH3CH2COOH, which occurs naturally as the free acid or in the
form of its esters.
Carboxyethanecan be produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation.
Carboxyethane , or E280 as it is called by the European Union, is an additive found naturally in foods such as dairy products and vinegar and used as an antimicrobial agent or flavor enhancer in the food industry.
First described in the 19th century, Carboxyethane is a colorless and pungent-smelling liquid.
The use of Carboxyethane in food formulations is limited due to its pungent odor.
Carboxyethane is a normal component of human metabolism.
In the human body, food components that reach the large intestine without being digested, such as dietary fibers, are fermented by the microorganisms found here, and various intermediates, including Carboxyethane, are formed.
In addition, microorganisms of the genus Propionibacterium , found in the natural microflora of human sweat glands, produce Carboxyethane; accordingly, human sweat smells like propionic acid.
The end product of the metabolism of Propionibacterium in an oxygen-free environment is Carboxyethane.
Carboxyethane (from the Greek words protos, meaning “first”, and pion, meaning “fat”; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH.
Colorless, oily liquid with a pungent, disagreeable, rancid odor.
Carboxyethane has a sour taste and a pungent odor.
The chemical formula of Carboxyethane is C2H5COOH.
Carboxyethane (PA), also known as propanoic acid, with chemical formula C3H6O2, is an organic acid used as a food additive and found naturally on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract.
Carboxyethaneis a byproduct of fermentation reactions and is also produced industrially from ethylene or ethanol and carbon monoxide.
Propanoic acid, propionic acid molecule.
Carboxyethane is short-chain saturated fatty acid, antifungal drug, antimicrobial agent E280.
Carboxyethane is found in nature where propionic acid fermentation occurs, e.g. in Emmental cheese, in which it is present up to 1%.
Carboxyethane is a naturally occurring organic acid.
Carboxyethane is miscible with water and ethanol.
Carboxyethane's antimicrobial activity is mostly against molds, less so against bacteria.
Carboxyethane has practically no effect against yeasts.
Carboxyethane is recommended and used up to pH 5 and only occasionally up to pH 6.
Carboxyethane is the common name of propanoic acid, a carboxylic acid with a pungent odor.
Carboxyethane occurs naturally in some essential oils.
Among other things, Carboxyethane is a metabolic product of some types of bacteria and gives Emmental and blue cheese their characteristic taste.
Carboxyethane is effective against certain types of bacteria, yeast and mold.
Carboxyethane is chemically synthesized from ethylene, carbon monoxide and water.
Carboxyethane is a short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
Carboxyethane has a role as an antifungal drug.
Carboxyethane is a short-chain fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid.
Carboxyethane is a conjugate acid of a propionate.
Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of Carboxyethane that exists as colorless, transparent crystals or a granular crystalline powder.
Carboxyethane is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient by FDA, where Carboxyethane acts as an antimicrobial agent for food preservation and flavoring agent.
Sodium propionate is is prepared by neutralizing Carboxyethane with sodium hydroxide.
Sodium propionate was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).
USES and APPLICATIONS of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Cosmetic Uses:
Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Hay Preservative, Pharmaceutical, Antimicrobial, Mold Inhibitor, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Sauces, Baking Food, Cake Mixes, Bread, Cheese, Confections, Frostings, Gelatins, Puddings, Fillings, Jams, Jellies, Flavoring Agent, Tobacco, Toothpaste, Packing Materials, anti-mildew agents, flavors, Bakery, breads, cookies, biscuits, meat products, cheese
-Carboxyethane is used to inhibit the growth of mold in baked goods and cheeses.
-Natural source:
Carboxyethane can be found naturally in dairy products such as butter and cheese.
-Carboxyethane is primarily used as a mold inhibitor in food and feed.
-And due to the activity of carboxylic acid and alpha-c of carboxylic acid in the molecule, it can be made to various derivatives that have a wide application in dyes, textiles, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
-Food:
Carboxyethane is primarily used as a mold inhibitor which is fungistatic rather than fungicidal.
Carboxyethane is effective against molds with concentration ranging from 0.05 to 0.25%.
However, less effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterial and no effect on the growth of yeast.
Food-grade Carboxyethane can be used to produce its salts, calcium propionate and sodium propionate which are commonly used as a preservative in the following food:
Bread
Tortillas
Cheeses
Cakes
Animal Feed:
Carboxyethane in the market is mainly made into ammonium propionate which is used as a preservative in animal feed and grain due to its less corrosive to farm equipment than propionic acid.
The following feed may contain Carboxyethane:
High moisture grains such as oats, corn, barley
Hay
Drinking water for livestock and poultry
Carboxyethane is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized in “Additives other than colours and sweeteners” .
Natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese.
Carboxyethane is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine.
Carboxyethane is also a normal component of sweat.
Carboxyethane is also a raw material in the manufacturing of vitamin E.
Carboxyethane and propionates are used as preservatives, mainly against fungi.
Carboxyethane is often used in bakery goods against bacterial spoilage.
Due to the strong smell Carboxyethane is limited in applications.
Products: bakery products, meat and meatproducts, pizza
Carboxyethane is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as an antimicrobial agent and flavoring agent in food and with no limitation other than current good manufacturing practice.
Meanwhile, Carboxyethane is also GRAS when functioned as a chemical preservative in the feed.
Industrial uses:
Carboxyethane inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight.
As a result, some Carboxyethane produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption.
The antibiotic monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better.
This application accounts for about half of the world production of Carboxyethane.
Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts.
As a food additive, Carboxyethane is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand.
In more specialized applications, Carboxyethane is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
The esters of propionic acid have fruit-like odors and are sometimes used as solvents or artificial flavorings.
Bacteriology:
The Bacteria species Coprothermobacter platensis produces propionate when fermenting gelatin.
Carboxyethane: propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also can be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread cheese and flour products.
As a result, most Carboxyethane produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption.
For animal feed, Carboxyethane is used either directly or as its ammonium salt.
For animal feed, Carboxyethane is used either directly or as its ammonium salt.
The antibiotic Monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better.
This application accounts for about half of the world production of Carboxyethane.
Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts.
As a food additive, Carboxyethane has a E number 280.
In EU, Carboxyethane is approved to use as food additive and cosmetics preservative.
In US, Carboxyethane is generally recognized as safe food substance.
Carboxyethane possesses properties, due to which it can be used in agriculture, food, pharmaceutical industry.
Carboxyethane does not allow bacteria and mold to develop.
In case of industries Carboxyethane is often used as propionic acid in production of cheese, bakery products, in fermented milk products.
Being used by herbicide and solvent production plants, Carboxyethane is a very important ingredient of some preparations.
In case of human food production Carboxyethane can be used only in the form of sodium or calcium salts in concentrations not exceeding 0.3%.
However, Carboxyethane's strong sour taste still does not allow increasing the concentration of acid without losing the original taste.
In case of the pharmaceutical industry, Carboxyethane is used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of some drugs.
Carboxyethane, Preservative (Feed) (Propionic Acid 99%) is used as a preservative in animal feed.
Carboxyethane is commonly used for grain preservation.
Used Markets, Agriculture & Feed, Animal Health & Nutrition, Feed Preservation.
Carboxyethane is usually used for grain preservation.
Carboxyethane and various direct sodium or calcium salt formulations of the acid are currently most commonly approved and indicated by organizations like the FDA and EMA for use as an antibacterial food additive preservative in animal feed and food for human consumption.
Similarly, although the use of Carboxyethane or any of its direct sodium or calcium salt formulations as excipient ingredients in pharmaceuticals is not necessarily a major role for the compound today, sodium propionate was used in some vaginal cream preparations indicated for cervicitis, cervical tears, and/or postcauterization, postcryosurgery, and postconization of the cervix.
The sodium propionate was primarily used to elicit a preservative, bacteriostatic 4,11 effect while other active ingredients combined in the formulation like urea, benzalkonium chloride, inositol, and methionine and cystine amino acids facilitated debridement, enhanced medication spread, epithelialization promotion, and wound healing, respectively.
Carboxyethane is used as preservative in cosmetic formulations under the INCI designation"propionic acid".
Carboxyethane is commonly used in bread and flour products.
Primarily used as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts.
As a food additive, Carboxyethane is approved for use in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.
Carboxyethane is used as a preservative because Carboxyethane has the ability to prevent the growth of molds.
Carboxyethane is an active ingredient for use as fungicides and bactericides on stored grains, hay, storage
areas for silage and grains, poultry litter, and drinking water for poultry and livestock.
According to the petition, there is 48% of Carboxyethane in their product (DMX-7) which is used primarily for animal feed preservation as a mold inhibitor.
Carboxyethane is used in shipping and storage and is applied either as a solution or on an absorbent (vermiculite) to prevent mold in corn gluten meal, corn, rice and other grains.
Carboxyethane is applied with a spray nozzle.
Application rates of Carboxyethane depend on the moisture content of the grain at the time Carboxyethane is placed in storage, and also varies depending on whether the grains are in “open” storage or “closed” storage.
Carboxyethane produced by chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation is an organic acid used in the food, agriculture and plastic industries.
Carboxyethane is used as a protective additive and flavor enhancer, especially in bakery products and cheeses.
Carboxyethane, which is added to animal feeds as a preservative, is also found in the composition of various pesticides.
Carboxyethane used as animal feed or the places where the grain will be stored are sterilized with propionic acid beforehand.
In addition, Carboxyethane is added to the water of poultry or cattle drinks as an antibacterial agent.
Carboxyethane is used in the production of thermoplastics named cellulose-acetate-propionate from plastic industry products.
In the chemical industry, Carboxyethane is used as an intermediate in the production of various cosmetics, textiles, paints and rubber products.
Carboxyethane inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria.
Carboxyethane is manufactured primarily for use as a preservative and anti-mold agent in animal feed and grain.
Propionates occur naturally in small amounts in natural foods such as cheese and are also produced naturally in the human and cow gut as part of the digestion process.
Carboxyethane is a food additive, a preservative.
Externally Carboxyethane looks like an oily liquid of pale yellowish color or not having any at all.
Carboxyethane's use as a food additive is also approved in Europe.
Carboxyethane is allowed to be used in the form of a preservative in an amount up to three grams per kilogram in cheese (fused) products, as well as produced from them, in combination with sorbic acid, Carboxyethane's salts or individually.
Carboxyethane is also possible to use preservative in wheat (sliced pre-packaged), rye for long-term storage, and bread with reduced energy value.
Carboxyethane is allowed for use in flour confectionery, baked pastry.
By inhibiting (slowing down) of certain enzymes, Carboxyethane is able to exert a nonspecific depressant effect on bacteria of many species, mold and yeast, some species can assimilate or produce it.
In this regard, in the food industry, Carboxyethane is used in the form of calcium and sodium propionates practically only in the process of preserving bakery products.
Preservative, Carboxyethane, is able to inhibit (slow down) the development of microorganisms of serum and milk.
In this regard, Carboxyethane is used in preserving whey for storage and transportation.
Moreover, Carboxyethane is used to protect excessively wet grain from mold (with insufficiently powerful dryers).
The use of Carboxyethane is quite common in other industries.
Thus, Carboxyethane is used in the manufacture of medicinal products (phenoboline, Ibuprofen and others), fragrant substances (geranyl-propionate, phenylpropionate and others), plastics (polyvinyl propionate), vinyl plasticizers, solvents (propyl propionate, propylpropionate and others).
Carboxyethane is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to controlfungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter,and drinking water for livestock and poultry.
As a food preservative, Carboxyethane prevents mold in bread and baked goods, and Carboxyethane is used as a flavoring agent in cheese and other packaged goods.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers Carboxyethane safe and therefore, has no limitation on its use.
Carboxyethane has been demonstrated that PA lowers fatty acids content in liver and plasma, reduces food intake, exerts immunosuppressive actions and probably improves tissue insulin sensitivity.
Thus increased production of Carboxyethane by the microbiota might be considered beneficial in the context of prevention of obesity and diabetes type 2.
The molecular mechanisms by which Carboxyethane may exert this plethora of physiological effects are slowly being elucidated and include intestinal cyclooxygenase enzyme, the G-protein coupled receptors 41 and 43 and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in turn inhibiting the sentinel transcription factor NF-κB and thus increasing the threshold for inflammatory responses in general.
Taken together, Carboxyethane emerges as a major mediator in the link between nutrition, gut microbiota and physiology.
The sodium salt of Carboxyethane was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).
Food additive from the category of natural preservatives, obtained by bacterial fermentation.
Carboxyethane is used against yeasts and fungi, as well as against degradation caused by some microorganisms.
Due to Carboxyethane's strong smell, Carboxyethane is used in a limited range of products (prepackaged sliced bread and rye bread).
Carboxyethane and its salts are used primarily in baked products to suppress bacteria causing ‘rope’ in the center of bread and the growth of mold on both bread and cakes.
Carboxyethane and propionates are used as preservatives mainly against yeast and mold.
Carboxyethane is often used in bakery products to prevent bacterial spoilage.
Due to its strong odor, Carboxyethane's use is limited.
Carboxyethane also acts as a mold inhibitor in cheese foods and spreads.
Because Carboxyethane acts against bacteria and mold in an alkaline environment but not against yeast, Carboxyethane is particularly suitable for use in industrially produced bread and baked goods.
As a fatty acid, Carboxyethane is fully utilized by the human body.
Because of Carboxyethane's acrid, pungent odor and strongly acidic taste, Carboxyethane is rarely used in the food industry.
Carboxyethane, Their derivatives, the propionates, are used more frequently.
Carboxyethane is an important synthetic building block for the production of plastics, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.
Carboxyethane and Carboxyethane's salts sodium propionate (E 281), calcium propionate (E 282) and potassium propionate (E 283) are used as anti-mould agents.
Carboxyethane itself has an unpleasant taste for humans, which is why the salts of the acid are used in the food industry, especially for packaged bread or pastries.
Carboxyethane itself is often added to silage, where the proportion may be up to 2% of the dry matter.
There, Carboxyethane has the positive side effect of preventing ketoacidosis in dairy cattle.
FUNCTIONS of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent:
Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.
Antimicrobial Preservative:
Actively kills and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful.
Fragrance / Fragrance Component:
Provides or enhances a particular smell or odor.
Preservative:
Prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful
Antimicrobial:
Slows the growth of micro-organisms on the skin and counteracts the development of bacteria
Masking:
Reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product
Preservative:
Inhibits the development of microorganisms in cosmetic products.
Ph adjusters:
Controlling the pH of cosmetic products.
HOW IS E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) MADE?
Carboxyethane can be produced by chemical synthesis or bacterial fermentation.
The following are the main five manufacturing processes, where the mainstream industrial synthesis is almost dominated by petrochemical processes.
Synthesis from ethylene (petroleum-based), carbon monoxide and steam.
Ethylene is reacted with the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to obtain propionaldehyde, and further oxidation of propionaldehyde.
Carboxyethane manufacturing process from propionaldehyde:
Reaction ethanol with carbon monoxide using boron trifluoride as a catalyst.
Microbial fermentation with propionibacterium, but there is a way to go before this biosynthesis method is large-scaled used in commercial.
A byproduct in the pyrolysis of wood.
HOW E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) WORKS AS A PRESERVATIVE?
Carboxyethane’s mechanism of preservation is similar with that of benzoic acid and sorbic acid.
The optimal pH range for its antimicrobial effectiveness is from 2.5 to 5.5.
IS E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) SAFE TO EAT?
Yes, Carboxyethane has been approved as a safe ingredient by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
PRODUCTION of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
In industry, Carboxyethane is mainly produced by the hydrocarboxylation of ethylene using nickel carbonyl as the catalyst:
Hydrocarboxylation of ethene with carbon monoxide and water to form propionic acid in the presence of nickel tetracarbonyl as catalyst.
Carboxyethane is also produced by the aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde.
In the presence of cobalt or manganese salts (manganese propionate is most commonly used), this reaction proceeds rapidly at temperatures as mild as 40–50 °C:
Liquid-phase oxidation of propionaldehyde with atmospheric oxygen to form Carboxyethane in the presence of manganese(II)-propionate as catalyst.
Large amounts of Carboxyethane were once produced as a byproduct of acetic acid manufacture.
Carboxyethane is obtained by chemical synthesis by nickel-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of ethylene or by aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde.
Different strains of Propionibacterium are used in the production of propionic acid by microbial fermentation .
Since Carboxyethane production using microorganisms is not an economical option, chemical synthesis is preferred in commercial production.
Preparation of Carboxyethane:
The substance Carboxyethane in nature is contained in oil and as a by-product of fermentation in certain plants. When fermenting carbohydrates, Carboxyethane is also formed.
The biological production is the metabolic degradation of fatty acids that contain carbon atoms in an odd number, and the decomposition of individual amino acids.
Bacteria from the genus Propioni bacterium produce the substance as the final product of anaerobic metabolism.
Since these bacteria are often present in the stomach in ruminants, some types of cheese have a specific flavor.
In industrial conditions, Carboxyethane is formed by carbonylation according to the reaction of Repne ethylene, in the catalytic oxidation (in the presence of manganese or cobalt ions) of propionic aldehyde.
In addition, Carboxyethane is produced as a by-product in the process of vapor-phase oxidation of C4-C10 hydrocarbons.
Previously, Carboxyethane was released as a by-product in the production of acetic acid.
However, modern technology in the manufacture of the latter pushed aside the former way of isolating the preservative into the background.
HISTORY of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Carboxyethane was first described in 1844 by Johann Gottlieb, who found it among the degradation products of sugar.
Over the next few years, other chemists produced Carboxyethane by different means, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance.
In 1847, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called Carboxyethane, from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning first, and πίων (piōn), meaning fat, because Carboxyethane is the smallest H(CH2)nCOOH acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.
MECHANISM of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
The metabolic fate of propionates varies in different microorganisms.
Some have enzyme systems that can convert succinate to propionyl-coenzyme A and through various further steps to propionate, CO2, or propionyl phoshpate.
Still others can convert propionic acid to B-alanine or directly to CO2.
Whatever the case, the inhibiting effect for microbials is likely related to competition with acetate in the acetokinase system, to the blockage of pyruvate conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A and to interference with B-alanine in pantothenic acid syntheses.
Additionally, there are also studies that suggest that Carboxyethane's antifungal activity may be the result of propionyl-CoA inhibiting glucose metabolism in certain species of fungus via the accumulation of the CoA-derivative.
ABSORPTION of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Some Carboxyethane is oxidized to lactic acid during absorption, but most passes to the liver, which removes nearly all of Carboxyethane from the portal blood.
Carboxyethane represents 20-25% of absorbed volatile fatty acids.
Carboxyethane is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.
METABOLISM of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Carboxyethane is first converted to propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), however, Carboxyethane directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles.
As Carboxyethane has three carbons, propionyl-CoA.
In the majority of vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA.
A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which can then be used as a substrate in the citric acid cycle.
