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CAS NUMBER: 472-70-8
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C40H56O
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 552.87
Cryptoxanthin is an oxygen-containing carotenoid and is a member of the xanthophyll family.
Cryptoxanthin is one of the major sources of vitamin A and is present in fruits such as oranges, tangerines and papayas.
Cryptoxanthin is also found in corn, peas and some animal products such as egg yolk and butter.
Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment.
Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from a variety of sources including the fruit of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum.
In terms of structure, Cryptoxanthin is closely related to β-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group.
Cryptoxanthin is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls.
In a pure form, Cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic luster.
Cryptoxanthin is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide.
In the human body, Cryptoxanthin is converted to vitamin A and is, therefore, considered a provitamin A.
As with other carotenoids, Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA.
Recent findings of an inverse association between Cryptoxanthin and risk in several observational epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptoxanthin could potentially act as a chemopreventive agent against lung cancer.
On the other hand, in the Grade IV histology group of adult patients diagnosed with malignant glioma, moderate to high intake of Cryptoxanthin (for second tertile and for highest tertile compared to lowest tertile, in all cases) was associated with poorer survival.
Cryptoxanthin is also used as a substance to colour food products.
Cryptoxanthin is not approved for use in the EU
Cryptoxanthin is one of the six main carotenoids found in human plasma, and beneficial to human health.
In nature, the accumulation of Cryptoxanthin is not a common event, and it is massively accumulated in only a few fruits, such as papaya, persimmon, citrus, and guava.
Among them, citrus fruits are major sources of Cryptoxanthin for human diet.
Cryptoxanthin is further converted to violaxanthin via zeaxanthin by β-ring hydroxylase (HYb) and zeaxanthin epoxidase reported that the higher expression levels of upstream synthesis genes and low expression levels of downstream synthesis genes led to the massive accumulation of Cryptoxanthin in the juice sacs of mandarins.
Cryptoxanthin can be oxidatively cleaved in a site-specific manner by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs).
Citrus has been isolated and the cleavage reactions of Cryptoxanthin catalyzed by CitCCD1 and CitCCD4 are elucidated in citrus fruits. CitCCD1 is highly expressed in most citrus fruits
In citrus fruits, Cryptoxanthin is present in free and esterified forms.
In the esterified form, the hydroxyl groups of Cryptoxanthin are acylated with different fatty acids.
The esterification by fatty acids does not affect the antioxidant activity of Cryptoxanthin, but instead improves its thermal stability.
The esterification degree of Cryptoxanthin increased gradually in the flavedos of two Satsuma mandarin cultivars during the ripening process.
In the mature fruits, > 80% of Cryptoxanthin was found to be present in esterified forms with Cryptoxanthin laurate, myristate, and palmitate as the major Cryptoxanthin esters.
Since Cryptoxanthin esters exhibited comparable bioavailability with the free Cryptoxanthin.
Cryptoxanthin, a carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables such as tangerines, red peppers, and pumpkin, has several functions important for human health.
Most evidence from observational, in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggests that Cryptoxanthin has relatively high bioavailability from its common food sources, to the extent that some Cryptoxanthin–rich foods might be equivalent to β-carotene–rich foods as sources of retinol.
Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant in vitro and appears to be associated with decreased risk of some cancers and degenerative diseases.
In addition, many in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggest that Cryptoxanthin–rich foods may have an anabolic effect on bone and, thus, may help delay osteoporosis.
Cryptoxanthin is an oxygenated carotenoid with a chemical structure similar to, but more polar than, β-carotene.
Although β-carotene is present in large amounts in numerous fruits and vegetables, Cryptoxanthin is found at high concentrations in only a small number of foods.
It lists the foods with the highest concentrations of Cryptoxanthin.
As with other carotenoids, the amount of Cryptoxanthin in fruits and vegetables seems to depend on cultivar, stage of maturity, growing conditions, storage methods, and season.4–9 Many of the best sources of Cryptoxanthin are citrus fruits.
Not surprisingly, concentrations of Cryptoxanthin in citrus fruits and in human plasma are highest during the ripening season, in late fall and winter.
Many Cryptoxanthin–rich foods (such as tangerines and peaches) are eaten raw or juiced, but others are baked or added to mixed dishes.
Food processing decreases Cryptoxanthin concentrations in foods.
However, food processing and cooking may increase or decrease the bioaccessibility (i.e., the amount of the nutrient that could be absorbed from the food by a human or other organism) of Cryptoxanthin in the food.
Shorter cooking methods generally improve bioaccessibility because they soften and disrupt cell walls and denature proteins that can bind Cryptoxanthin.
However, harsh or prolonged processing, such as refining, drying, or prolonged boiling, can isomerize or destroy carotenoids.
Despite being found in a limited number of foods that are not staples of the diet, Cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid in human blood.
Cryptoxanthin is generally the fourth most abundant carotenoid.
To be absorbed, Cryptoxanthin must be freed from its food matrix, emulsified into oil droplets, and taken up by cells of the intestinal lining.
Few studies have focused on the absorption and metabolism of Cryptoxanthin.
However, like other carotenoids, Cryptoxanthin seems to be absorbed into the intestine by 2 mechanisms.
At low physiological concentrations, it is absorbed mainly by facilitative transport, assisted by enzymes such as scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), an epithelia transporter also involved in cholesterol and lipid uptake and cluster determinant.
At high pharmacological doses, this active transport mechanism is supplemented by passive diffusion.
Most in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggest that Cryptoxanthin is better absorbed from its major food sources than are other common carotenoids.
For example, a comparison of the apparent bioavailability (the fraction of the nutrient that becomes absorbed and available for use or storage) of retinoid-forming carotenoids (Cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene) showed that Cryptoxanthin was move bioavailable in every population studied.
This is supported by other studies that found Cryptoxanthin from orange fruits to be more bioavailable than β-carotene–rich foods.
There are several reasons why the absorption of Cryptoxanthin from dietary sources might be greater than that of most other common carotenoids.
Cryptoxanthin over carotenes.
In addition, the position of a carotenoid incorporated into a mixed micelle depends on its hydrophobicity: the less polar the carotenoid, the more likely it is to be located in the interior of the micelle, where it is less available for absorption.
Cryptoxanthin is more hydrophilic than other important carotenoids such as lycopene, β-carotene, and α-carotene and is thus believed to have relatively higher absorbability due to its presence on the outer surface of micelles and its higher solubility in the aqueous environment of the intestine.
Indeed, the percentage of Cryptoxanthin incorporated into micelles during in vitro digestion is 3 times greater than that of β-carotene under similar conditions.
Cryptoxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids.
With high concentrations in human serum and tissue, it is inversely associated with many life-threatening diseases.
This paper presents a brief overview of the chemical properties and occurrence of Cryptoxanthin and summarizes the recent trend in Cryptoxanthin research.
Cryptoxanthin is an oxygenated carotenoid common as both free and esterified forms in fruits and vegetables.
The distribution of free Cryptoxanthin and Cryptoxanthin esters is dependent upon plant types and environmental conditions, such as season, processing techniques, and storage temperatures.
The use of Cryptoxanthin as a nutritional supplement, food additive, and food colorant have stimulated a variety of approaches to identify and quantify free Cryptoxanthin and Cryptoxanthin esters.
Advances in analytic approaches, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV and mass spectrometry (MS), have been developed to analyze Cryptoxanthin, especially the ester forms.
In recent years, Cryptoxanthin has been thought to play an import role in promoting human health, particularly among the population receiving Cryptoxanthin as a supplement.
Some research indicates that the bioavailability of Cryptoxanthin in typical diets is greater than that of other major carotenoids, suggesting that Cryptoxanthin-rich foods are probably good sources of carotenoids.
Cryptoxanthin provides various potential benefits for human health.
The chemical structure, occurrence, and absorption of Cryptoxanthin are discussed in this review.
This review provides the latest major approaches used to identify and quantify Cryptoxanthin.
Additionally, various benefits, including provitamin A, anti-obesity effects, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory, are summarized in this review.
Cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid.
Cryptoxanthin is generally the fourth most abundant in human blood but can achieve high concentrations especially in Japanese and Spanish populations.
Cryptoxanthins richest food sources include mandarin oranges, persimmons, oranges, papayas, pumpkin, and red sweet peppers.
Cryptoxanthin appears to be absorbed better from its major food sources than other carotenoids, and thus may be more important for human health than previously assumed.
Cryptoxanthin has multiple functions and actions that may be important for human health.
First, Cryptoxanthin is a precursor of vitamin A.
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient needed for eyesight, growth, development, and immune response.
Second, like all carotenoids, Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant.
Cryptoxanthin may help protect against some cancers and other degenerative diseases.
Cryptoxanthin may have an anabolic effect on bone, thus potentially decreasing bone loss with age.
In this chapter we review the literature and evaluate the evidence for the functions and potential health benefits of Cryptoxanthin.
Cryptoxanthin (BCX) is a major dietary pro-vitamin A carotenoid, found mainly in fruits and vegetables.
Several studies showed the beneficial effects of BCX on different aspects of human health.
In spite of the evidence, the molecular mechanisms of action of BCX need to be further investigated.
The Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to analyze in vivo the activity of BCX on fat reduction and protection to oxidative stress.
Dose-response assays provided evidence of the efficacy of BCX at very low dose (0.025 µg/mL) (p < 0.001) on these processes.
Moreover, a comparative analysis with other carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, showed a stronger effect of BCX.
Furthermore, a transcriptomic analysis of wild-type nematodes supplemented with BCX revealed upregulation of the energy metabolism, response to stress, and protein homeostasis as the main metabolic targets of this xanthophyll.
Collectively, this study provides new in vivo evidence of the potential therapeutic use of BCX in the prevention of diseases related to metabolic syndrome and aging.
Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment.
Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, and bovine blood serum.
Structurally, cryptoxanthin is closely related to beta-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group.
Cryptoxanthin is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls.
In a pure form, cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic luster.
Cryptoxanthin is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine and carbon disulfide.
Cryptoxanthin, isolated from Satsuma mandarin orange, is an oxygenated carotenoid and a potent antioxidant.
Cryptoxanthin has an anti-stress effect.
USES:
A natural caratenoid pigment that is converted to Vitamin A in the human body.
Cryptoxanthinn is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA.
Cryptoxanthin has also been used to study its effect on the production of immunoglobulins in Peyer′s patch cells ex- vivo.
Cryptoxanthinn has also been used as a standard in high-performance liquid chromatography.
PROPERTIES:
-grade: analytical standard
-assay: ≥95.0% (HPLC)
-shelf life: limited shelf life, expiry date on the label
-storage temp.: −20°C
STORAGE:
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
SYNONYM:
Cryptoxanthin
472-70-8
(3R)-beta,beta-caroten-3-ol
UNII-6ZIB13GI33
6ZIB13GI33
(1R)-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex-3-en-1-ol
Cryptoxanthins
