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The guar or cluster bean, with the botanical name Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, is an annual legume and the source of guar gum.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is also known as gavar, gawar, or guvar bean.
The origin of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is unknown, since it has never been found in the wild.
CAS: 9000-30-0
MF: C10H14N5Na2O12P3
MW: 535.145283
EINECS: 232-536-8
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is assumed to have developed from the African species Cyamopsis senegalensis.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum was further domesticated in South Asia, where it has been cultivated for centuries.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum grows well in semiarid areas, but frequent rainfall is necessary.
This legume is a valuable plant in a crop rotation cycle, as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum lives in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Agriculturists in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan follow crop-rotation and use guar to replenish the soil with essential fertilizers and nitrogen fixation, before the next crop.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has many functions for human and animal nutrition, but the gelling agent in its seeds (guar gum) is the most important use.
Demand is rising due to the use of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum in hydraulic fracturing (oil shale gas).
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is also a major ingredient of the toy slime.
About 80% of world production occurs in India, but due to strong demand, the plant is being introduced elsewhere.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans that has thickening and stabilizing properties useful in food, feed, and industrial applications.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum seeds are mechanically dehusked, hydrated, milled and screened according to application.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is typically produced as a free-flowing, off-white powder.
Biology
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum grows upright, reaching a maximum height of up to 2–3 metres (7–10 ft).
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has a main single stem with either basal branching or fine branching along the stem.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum can access soil moisture in low soil depths.
This legume develops root nodules with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria rhizobia in the surface part of its rooting system.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum's leaves and stems are mostly hairy, depending on the cultivar.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum's fine leaves have an elongated oval shape (5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in)) and of alternate position.
Clusters of flowers grow in the plant axil and are white to blueish in color.
The developing pods are rather flat and slim containing 5 to 12 small oval seeds of 5 millimetres (1⁄4 in) length (TGW = 25–40 grams (1–1+1⁄2 oz)).
Usually mature seeds are white or gray, but with excess moisture they can turn black and lose germination capacity.
The chromosome number of guar seeds is 2n=14.
The seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum beans have a remarkable characteristic.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum's kernel consists of a protein-rich germ (43-46%) and a relatively large endosperm (34-40%), containing large amounts of the galactomannan.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a polysaccharide containing polymers of mannose and galactose in a ratio of 2:1 with many branches.
Thus, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum exhibits a great hydrogen bonding activity having a viscosifying effect in liquids.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, like locust bean gum, is a galactomannan derived from the seed of a leguminous plant.
The source of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, is widely grown in Pakistan and India as cattle feed, and was introduced to the United States as a cover crop in 1903.
The U.S. is now also a producer.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum was not until 1953, however, that guar gum was produced on a commercial scale, primarily as a replacement for locus bean gum in the paper, textile and food industries.
The most important property of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is the ability to hydrate rapidly in cold water to attain a very high viscosity.
In addition to the food industry, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is used in the mining, paper, textile, ceramic, paint, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, explosive, and other industries.
Sources, Harvesting, and Producing Areas
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a hardy and drought-resistant plant which grows three to six feet high with vertical stalks.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum pods, which grow in clusters along the vertical stems, are about six inches long and contain 6 to 9 seeds, which are considerably smaller than locus bean seeds.
As in the case of locust bean Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, the endosperm, which comprises 35-42%.
Off-white to yellowish-white powder.
Five to eight times the thickening power of starch.
Water solutions are tasteless, odorless, and nontoxic and have a pale translucent gray color with neutral pH.
Water solutions converted to gel by small amounts of borax.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is widely used in foods, and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
Excessive consumption may cause gastrointestinal disturbance such as flatulence, diarrhea, or nausea.
Therapeutically, daily oral doses of up to 25 g of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum have been administered to patients with diabetes mellitus.
Although Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material, the safety of guar gum when used as an appetite suppressant has been questioned.
When consumed, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum swells in the stomach to promote a feeling of fullness.
However, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is claimed that premature swelling of guar gum tablets may occur and cause obstruction of, or damage to, the esophagus.
Consequently, appetite suppressants containing Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum in tablet form have been banned in the UK.
However, appetite suppressants containing microgranules of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum are claimed to be safe.
The use of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum for pharmaceutical purposes is unaffected by the ban.
Incompatibilities
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is compatible with most other plant hydrocolloids such as tragacanth.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is incompatible with acetone, ethanol (95%), tannins, strong acids, and alkalis.
Borate ions, if present in the dispersing water, will prevent the hydration of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum.
However, the addition of borate ions to hydrated Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum produces cohesive structural gels and further hydration is then prevented.
The gel formed can be liquefied by reducing the pH to below 7, or by heating.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum may reduce the absorption of penicillin V from some formulations by a quarter.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum Chemical Properties
Melting point: >220°C (dec.)
Alpha: D25 +53° (1N NaOH)
FEMA: 2537 | GUAR GUM (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS (L.))
Storage temp.: Hygroscopic, -20°C Freezer, Under inert atmosphere
Solubility: It yields a mucilage of variable viscosity when dissolved in water, practically Insoluble: in ethanol (96 per cent).
Form: Free Flowing Powder
Color: Yellow-white
Odor: Odorless
Merck: 13,4588 / 13,4587
Stability: Stable. Combustible.
A mixture of air and finely-divided powder is potentially explosive.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum (9000-30-0)
White to light yellowish.Free flowing powder.Close to odorless.
Form viscous liquid after dispersing in hot or cold water.
The viscosity of 1% aqueous solution is about 4~5Pa which is the highest viscosity in natural rubber.
After adding small amount of sodium tetraborate Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum changes to gel.
After dispersing in cold water for about 2h Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum shows strong viscosity and the viscosity gradually increases reached the highest point after 24h.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum's viscosity is 5 to 8 times than that of starch and quickly reaches the highest point under heat.
The aqueous solution is neutral.
The viscosity is highest with pH between 6 and 8 and substantially decreases when pH is above 10. And viscosity decreases sharply along with pH value dropping when pH value is 6.0 to 3.5.
The viscosity below 3.5 increases again.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is the endosperm of the seed of the Indian cluster bean, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has been grown for several thousand years in India and Pakistan as a vegetable and a forage crop.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a hardy and drought-resistant plant, which grows 1 to 2 m high with vertical stalks and resembles the soybean plant in general appearance.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum pods, which grow in clusters along the vertical stems, are about 30 cm long and contain six to nine seeds, which are considerably smaller than locust bean seeds Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is odorless.
As in the case of locust bean Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum, the endosperm, which comprises 35 to 42% of the seed, is the source of the gum Typically, guar gum is around 80% of the endosperm of the guar seed.
As the endosperm is about 40% of the seed, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is roughly 30% of the guar plant seed.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is harvested before the frst rain following the frst frost to obtain maximum yield and purity.
The USP32–NF27 describes Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum as a gum obtained from the ground endosperms of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum consists chiefly of a high-molecular-weight hydrocolloidal polysaccharide, composed of galactan and mannan units combined through glycoside linkages, which may be described chemically as a galactomannan.
The PhEur 6.3 similarly describes guar galactomannan as being obtained from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum by grinding the endosperms and subsequent partial hydrolysis.
The main components are polysaccharides composed of Dgalactose and D-mannose in molecular ratios of 1 : 1.4 to 1 : 2.
The molecule consists of a linear chain of b-(14)-glycosidically linked manno-pyranoses and single a-(1→6)-glycosidically linked galactopyranoses.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum occurs as an odorless or nearly odorless, white to yellowish-white powder with a bland taste.
Yellowish-white free-flowing powder.
Completely soluble in hot or cold water.
Practically insoluble in oils, greases, hydrocarbons, ketones, esters.
Water solutions are tasteless, odorless, nontoxic.
Has 5-8 times the thickening power of starch.
Reduces the friction drag of water on metals.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a white to yellowish-white powder.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is dispersible in either hot or cold water, forming a solution having a pH between 5.4 and 7.0 that may be converted to gel by the addition of a small amount of sodium borate.
Uses
Food grade:frozen food:stop ice dreg from forming and increase the frozen stability.
Baking food: keep the humidity and improve the texture.
Drink:improve taste and stabilize particle suspension.
Salad dressing: thickener, alternative oil.
Cheese and cream: improve the texture.
Cooked meat food: maintain water, increase oily slippery feeling.
Vegetarian food: alternative fat ingredients,keep moisture.
Pet goods: increase oily slippery feeling and keep the humidity.
Industrial grade: oil well fracturing and other drilling industry.
Carpets, spin printing and dyeing,leather chemical industry.
Building materials, cement, paint, tiles.
Paper industry, pharmaceutical industry.
Shampoo, detergent, skin care products, cosmetics.
Latex paint, exterior latex paint.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has a coating action on the skin that allows for moisture retention.
often used as a thickener and emulsifier in cosmetic formulations, guar gum is a polysaccharide found in the seeds of the guar plant.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is the nutrient material required by the developing plant embryo during germination.
When the endosperm, once separated from the hull and embryo, is ground to a powder form, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is marketed as guar gum.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is obtained from the seed kernel of the plant cyamopsis tetragonoloba.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has a mannose:galactose ratio of approximately 2:1.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is dispersible in cold water to form viscous sols which upon heating will develop additional viscosity.
A 1% solution has a viscosity range of 2,000–3,500 cp at 25°c.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gumt is a versatile thickener and stabilizer used in ice cream, baked goods, sauces, and beverages at use levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.0%.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is scientifically termed guaran.
In paper sizing; as a protective colloid, stabilizer, thickening and film forming agent for cheese, salad dressings, ice cream, soups; as a binding and disintegrating agent in tablet formulations; in pharmaceutical jelly formulations; in suspensions, emulsions, lotions, creams, toothpastes; in the mining industry as a flocculant, as a filtering agent; in water treatment as a coagulant aid.
Food additives, emulsifying stabilizer, thickener and gelling agent.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a galactomannan, commonly used in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has also been investigated in the preparation of sustained-release matrix tablets in the place of cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose.
In pharmaceuticals, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is used in solid-dosage forms as a binder and disintegrant; in oral and topical products as a suspending, thickening, and stabilizing agent; and also as a controlled-release carrier.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has also been examined for use in colonic drug delivery.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum-based three-layer matrix tablets have been used experimentally in oral controlled-release formulations.
Therapeutically, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has been used as part of the diet of patients with diabetes mellitus.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has also been used as an appetite suppressant, although its use for this purpose, in tablet form, is now banned in the UK.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum has been shown to have numerous beneficial effects including improved glucose tolerance and attenuation of diabetic nephropathy.
Production Methods
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is obtained from the ground endosperm of the guar plant, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taub. (Fam. Leguminosae), which is grown in India, Pakistan, and the semiarid southwestern region of the USA.
The seed hull can be removed by grinding, after soaking in sulfuric acid or water, or by charring.
The embryo (germ) is removed by differential grinding, since each component possesses a different hardness.
The separated endosperm, containing 80% galactomannan is then ground to different particle sizes depending upon final application.
Air & Water Reactions
The organic dusts can react violently when suspended in air in the presence of an ignitable source.
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is a ether-alcohol derivative, the ether being relatively unreactive.
Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents.
They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.
Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.
They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.
Flash point data for Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum are not available.
However, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum is probably combustible.
Synonyms:
Guar Gum Hydrolyzed
Guar Gum - HPMC
1212a
a-20d
burtonitev7e
burtonitev-7-e
cyamopsisgum
dealcatp1
