PRODUCTS

E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties.
Surfactants can be added to the E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition.
A E 524 Sodium Hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware.

CAS Number: 1310-73-2
EC Number: 215-185-5
E number: E524 (acidity regulators, ...)
Chemical formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.9971 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
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E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is approved to use as food additive in EU and generally recognized as safe food substance in US.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) is a white flakes or a white granular product or may be a solid with strong hygroscopicity, it may be soluble in water, alcohol and glycerine, insoluble in acetone or diethyl ether.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a highly caustic liquid used to neutralize acids and to form sodium salts.
Caustic Soda, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, is a versatile alkali.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an inorganic organic chemical.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps, and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH•nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by Spencer Umfreville Pickering in 1893.

The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are:
*Heptahydrate, NaOH•7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%).
*Pentahydrate, NaOH•5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 °C (24.8%).
*Tetrahydrate, NaOH•4H2O, α form: from −17.7 °C (24.8%) to 5.4 °C (32.5%).
*Tetrahydrate, NaOH•4H2O, β form: metastable.
*Trihemihydrate, NaOH•3.5H2O: from 5.4 °C (32.5%) to 15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to 5.0 °C (45.7%).
*Trihydrate, NaOH•3H2O: metastable.
*Dihydrate, NaOH•2H2O: from 5.0 °C (45.7%) to 12.3 °C (51%).
*Monohydrate, NaOH•H2O: from 12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%).

Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence.
The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH•H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH•3.5H2O (15.38 °C).
The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH•3H2O and NaOH•4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above.

However, solutions of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations.
For example, when a solution of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate.

However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point E 524 Sodium Hydroxide may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate.
When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution.

Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable.
A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals.

A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate.
The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.

It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH•7H2O.
When solutions with less than 18.4% E 524 Sodium Hydroxide are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution.
The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3.

It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water.
However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid NaOH•3.5H2O and a liquid solution.

The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C.
Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid.
The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C.

The "E 524 Sodium Hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3).
Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide forms a series of hydrates NaOH•nH2O.
The monohydrate NaOH•H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C.

The commercially available "E 524 Sodium Hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.
Poor quality crude oil can be treated with E 524 Sodium Hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) also known as caustic soda is a caustic hydroxide used in industry (mainly as a base, in the manufacture of paper, fabrics, and detergents.

In addition, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the oil industry in the preparation of water-based drilling muds.
At the domestic level, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide's utilities are recognized for unclogging kitchen and bathroom drains, making homemade soap, etc.
At room temperature, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an odorless white crystalline solid that absorbs moisture from the air (hygroscopic).

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a manufactured substance.
When dissolved in water or neutralized with an acid, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide releases a large amount of heat which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is very corrosive.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a highly corrosive base that breaks down proteins at normal room temperature and can cause severe chemical burns.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is very soluble in water and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) macrobeads, also called caustic soda, it is a powerful, non-foaming alkaline cleaning agent.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide macro pearls, also called caustic soda, or caustic soda, is a powerful, non-foaming alkaline product of NaOH.
The E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is obtained by membranes and is therefore lead-free.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide meets the specifications of Food Chemical Codex.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, CAS# 1310-73-2, is an inorganic alkali manufactured through electrolytic chloralkali process, available as white solid.
Food grade E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an essential ingredient in manufacturing of Sodium Stearate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and various other sodium salts.

It is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E524.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is prepared from natural salt, namely Sodium Carbonate, which is mixed with lime to form an alkali, used in the manufacture of soaps and caustic soda.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is available in various grades, each suited for different applications.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide forms a series of hydrates NaOH•nH2O.
The monohydrate NaOH•H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3°C and 61.8°C.
The commercially available "E 524 Sodium Hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.

As one of the simplest hydroxides, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also called Caustic Soda and belongs to the inorganic compounds.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is one of the strongest bases among chemical compounds.
On an industrial scale, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is obtained by electrolysis of brine using membrane technology.
Worldwide production of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic".
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can dissolve grease, oils, fats, and protein-based deposits.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.
In the food industry, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is designated with E number 524.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.

Olives are often soaked in E 524 Sodium Hydroxide for softening;
Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide may be used in acid neutralizing, discoloring, and deodorizing.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in drain cleaners, cocoa products, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) sour cream, edible fats and oils, jam, tinned vegetables, glaze on pretzels, enhance the industrial peeling of fruits, to blacken olives and in the preparation of caramel.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has a vast range of applications across various industries.

Chemical Manufacturing: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as a reagent and intermediate in the production of many chemicals, including soaps, detergents, rayon, paper, explosives, and petroleum products.
Pulp and Paper Industry: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is essential in the pulping process, separating cellulose fibers from wood.

Soap and Detergent Production: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a key ingredient in saponification, the process of converting fats and oils into soap.
Water Treatment: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to adjust the pH of water and in the regeneration of ion exchange resins.
Food Industry (E 524): E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as a food additive for pH adjustment, processing aid in the washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, and in the processing of cocoa and chocolate.

Textile Industry: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in mercerization of cotton, which improves its strength and luster.
Petroleum Refining: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to neutralize acids and remove impurities.
Aluminum Production: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the Bayer process for extracting alumina from bauxite ore.

Laboratory Reagent: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a common strong base used in various chemical analyses and experiments.
Cleaning Agent: E 524 Sodium Hydroxide found in many household and industrial cleaning products for its ability to dissolve grease, oils, and organic matter.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis.
In bulk, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids.
For example, in the petroleum industry, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.

Another use of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is in salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH.
The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as drain cleaners that convert pipe-clogging fats and grease into soap, which dissolves in water.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used for making artificial textile fibres such as rayon.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the manufacture of paper.

Around 56% of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted.
This is known as the Bayer process.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used de-greasing metals, Oil refining, Making dyes and bleaches, in water treatment plants for pH regulation.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving the distinctive shiny finish.
As one of the simplest hydroxides, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.
Worldwide production in 2022 was approximately 83 million tons.

A common use of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents.
Parts washer detergents based on E 524 Sodium Hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals.
The E 524 Sodium Hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers.

A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol.

Water and E 524 Sodium Hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the home as a type of drain openers to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel.

The alkali reacts with greases to produce water soluble soap and glycerol.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also hydrolyzes proteins, such as those found in hair, which may block waste water pipes.

Dissolving E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in water is an exothermic reaction producing considerable quantities of heat which assists in speeding up the reactions with grease and other organic matter.
Such alkaline drain cleaners and their acidic versions are highly corrosive and should be handled with great caution.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in many industries.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is useful in: chemical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical industry, and paper industry.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is widely used in the chemical industry.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used for the production of many detergents, soaps and washing agents.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used for pipe dewatering and water treatment.

In the food industry, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an acidity regulator.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also finds its application in the production of medicines: painkillers, anticoagulants or cholesterol-lowering agents.
And as a component of cosmetics, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a pH regulator, has a bactericidal effect and is a strong cleaning agent.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also important in paper manufacturing because it breaks lignin bonds.
In the textile industry, on the other hand, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to bleach and fix dyes.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the food industry as an acidity regulator and an anti-caking agent, for giving and keeping a certain texture of the finished product in the production of jams, jellies, marmalades and other similar products including low-calorie products; products made from cocoa and chocolate; cereal food.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.
Food uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.

Olives are often soaked in E 524 Sodium Hydroxide for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp.
Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is known as E number E524.
Specific foods processed with E 524 Sodium Hydroxide include:
German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.

Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.
One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs.
Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.
The Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency.

A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.
The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish").

Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.
Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water.
These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits.

Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales.
Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.

-E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in cosmetics:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used in the cosmetics industry.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has a strong cleansing effect and is therefore included in the composition of cosmetics such as scrubs, exfoliating masks and skin cleansing gels.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is essential in cleansing and exfoliating cosmetics because the pH must be kept within a strict range for maximum effectiveness.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used in the manufacture of products for removing cuticles.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also found in hair care and smoothing products.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is found in bath lotions, shaving cream or hair dyes.

-E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in food:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide as a food additive has the symbol E524.
As mentioned above, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an acidity regulator, more specifically, it reduces the acidity of products by increasing the pH.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is found in salty snacks like pretzels and finger foods.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide's addition makes the products crispier.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution is also used to wash fruits and vegetables and to remove the peel before canning.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also found in: olives, desserts containing cocoa or chocolate, baked goods, ice cream or soft drinks.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also helps prevent the growth of mold and bacteria in food, so it acts as a preservative.
In the food industry, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as an additive in the preparation of various baked goods.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is generally used in solid form or as a 50% solution.
As one of the simpler hydroxides, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is often used in combination with neutral water and hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in many industries: in pulp and paper manufacturing, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is widely used as food preparation agent.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is widely used as strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents.

-Relaxer uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in some relaxers to straighten hair.

However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to consumers.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals.

-Paint stripper uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
A solution of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide's use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour.

-Water treatment uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies.
Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water.

-Historical uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has been used for detection of carbon monoxide poisoning, with blood samples of such patients turning to a vermilion color upon the addition of a few drops of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.
Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by CO oximetry.

-Cleaning agent uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic".
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties.

Surfactants can be added to the E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition.
A E 524 Sodium Hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware.
It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.

-In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in some cement mix plasticisers.
This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete.

-For making soaps and detergents uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used for hard bar soap, while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.

-Chemical pulping uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers.

Along with sodium sulfide, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process.
These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages.

-Tissue digestion uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
In a similar fashion, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time.

This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact).

This eventually turns the body into a liquid with a dark brown color, and the only solids that remain are bone hulls, which can be crushed between one's fingertips.

-E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.
Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses.
Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.
In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.

- E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds
Strong bases attack aluminium.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas.

The aluminium takes an oxygen atom from E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, which in turn takes an oxygen atom from water, and releases two hydrogen atoms.
The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate.

In this reaction, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in.
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications.

Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, Na3AlO3, Na[Al(OH)4], Na2O•Al2O3 or Na2Al2O4.
Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2

This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.

In the Bayer process, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process.

Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.
Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively.

-Esterification and transesterification reagent uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification).

It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport.
For the manufacture of biodiesel, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides.

This only works with anhydrous E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.
Due to production costs, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, which is produced using common salt, is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.

-Skincare ingredient uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an ingredient used in some skin care and cosmetic products, such as facial cleansers, creams, lotions, and makeup.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is typically used in low concentration as a pH balancer, due to its highly alkaline nature.

-Food preparation uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide:
Food uses of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.

Olives are often soaked in E 524 Sodium Hydroxide for softening; pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp.

Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is known as E number E524.

FUNCTIONS OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.
*Antiseptic / Disinfectant Prevents growth of unwanted microorganisms.
*Cleanser (Cosmetics) Improves the cleansing properties of water
*Depilatory Agent Removes unwanted body hair
*Fragrance / Fragrance Component Provides or enhances a particular smell or odor.
*Preservative prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful

PROPERTIES, BENEFITS, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Strong Alkalinity:
Its high pH makes E 524 Sodium Hydroxide effective for neutralizing acids and saponifying fats.

*Corrosiveness:
While a hazard, this property is beneficial in cleaning and industrial processes for breaking down unwanted materials.

*High Solubility in Water:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide allows for easy preparation of solutions for various applications.

*Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Nature:
Useful in some applications requiring moisture absorption, but necessitates careful storage.

*pH Regulation (in food):
As E 524, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide helps maintain the desired acidity or alkalinity in food products, affecting texture, stability, and flavor.

FUNCTION & CHARACTERISTICS OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Strong alkali used as acidity regulator.
*Also used to enhance the industrial peeling of fruits, to blacken olives and in the preparation of caramel.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (oS8) and Pbca (oP24), respectively.
The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm.

The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure, with each sodium atom surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxide ions and three from water molecules.

The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer.
Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE?
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has a white flaky appearance.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has a denser structure than water.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can be seriously irritating if it comes into contact with the skin.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a toxic chemical.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has corrosive properties for skin and metals.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a chemical with a strong caustic and hygroscopic structure.

When E 524 Sodium Hydroxide comes into contact with air, it absorbs carbon dioxide and forms sodium carbonate.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is in the form of white orthogonal crystals.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is an odorless chemical.

Boiling point of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is 1388 °C.
Metal Caustic solubility is easily soluble in water.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is freely soluble in ethanol.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is generally 109 g/100 mlt at 20 °C.
Caustic soda density is 2.13 g/cm3 at 25 °C.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is not flammable.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Reaction with acids
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts.
For example, when E 524 Sodium Hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:
OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)

This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic.
Such acid–base reactions can also be used for titrations.
However, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is not used as a primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

*Reaction with acidic oxides
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide.

Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere.
For example,
2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O

*Reaction with metals and oxides
Glass reacts slowly with aqueous E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates.

Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to E 524 Sodium Hydroxide have a tendency to "freeze".
Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, which also frosts the glass.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide does not attack iron at room temperature, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base).
Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g., above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with E 524 Sodium Hydroxide to form iron(III) oxide, sodium metal, and hydrogen gas.

This is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to E 524 Sodium Hydroxide (−500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of the reaction, which implies spontaneity at high temperatures (ΔST > ΔH, ΔG < 0) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures (ΔST < ΔH, ΔG > 0).

Consider the following reaction between molten E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and finely divided iron filings:
4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2

A few transition metals, however, may react quite vigorously with E 524 Sodium Hydroxide under milder conditions.
In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to tankers.

The pressurization is due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and aluminium:
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2

*Precipitant
Unlike E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides.
The following colours are observed:

Copper - blue
Iron(II) - green
Iron(III) - yellow / brown

Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess E 524 Sodium Hydroxide to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2.
Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment.
Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with E 524 Sodium Hydroxide or bicarbonate.

Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2

*Saponification
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (also called saponification), amides and alkyl halides.
However, the limited solubility of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred.
Touching a E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution with bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling.

This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap.
Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between E 524 Sodium Hydroxide and fat.

SPECIFIC FOODS PROCESSED WITH E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE INCLUDE:
German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.

Lye water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.

One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide causes gelling of egg whites in the production of century eggs.
Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.

The Filipino dessert (Filipino: kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly-like consistency.
A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.

The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (Norwegian: lutfisk, lit. 'lye fish').
Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.

Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water.
These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits.

Hominy is used to create masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make corn tortillas and tamales.
Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.

PRODUCTION OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
For historical information, see Alkali manufacture.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is industrially produced, first as a 32% solution, and then evaporated to a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process.

Chlorine gas is the main product from this process.
Solid E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water.
Solid E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.

In 2022, world production was estimated at 83 million dry tonnes of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.
In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes.
North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes.

Historically, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not.
This process was called causticizing.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
The sodium carbonate for this reaction was produced by the Leblanc process in the early 19th century, or the Solvay process in the late 19th century.

The conversion of sodium carbonate to E 524 Sodium Hydroxide was superseded entirely by the chloralkali process, which produces E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in a single process.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water.
The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame.

2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not used commercially aside from a reaction within the mercury cell chloralkali process where sodium amalgam is reacted with water.

PROPERTIES OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Physical properties
Pure E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition and boils at 1,388 °C (2,530 °F).

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.

Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing.

The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless.
As with other alkaline solutions, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils.

*Viscosity
Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa•s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa•s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa•s) at room temperature.

The viscosity of aqueous E 524 Sodium Hydroxide, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa.
The viscosity of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.

HISTORY OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers.
A procedure for making E 524 Sodium Hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara' fi funun min al-suna' (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Umar ibn 'Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen.

The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate) and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide was obtained.
European soap makers also followed this recipe.

When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium) was replaced by this artificial version.
However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing E 524 Sodium Hydroxide.

PROPERTIES OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in solid form is a white crystalline substance.
On the other hand, a 50% solution of E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid called E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution.
In this form, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide has a corrosive effect on metals.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also characterized by a higher viscosity than water.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide in liquid form reacts with acids, non-metal oxides and hydroxides to form sodium salts.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide's characteristic feature is hygroscopicity.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is very soluble in water.
When it dissolves, it gives off heat and forms E 524 Sodium Hydroxide solution, which is very corrosive.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide also combines readily with carbon dioxide.
Foodcom S.A. offers E 524 Sodium Hydroxide 50% in IBC tanks or tankers and has a shelf life of two years.

MAIN TYPES OF E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
*Technical Grade:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in industrial applications such as chemical manufacturing, water treatment, and petroleum refining.

*Food Grade:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide meets the purity standards required for use in food processing and preparation.

*Pharmaceutical Grade:
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide meets the stringent purity standards required for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

*Reagent Grade:
High purity, E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in laboratory settings for analytical and research purposes.

WHAT IS E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE USED FOR?
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used to make soap, crayons, paper, paint, and petroleum products.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used in cotton textile processing, washing and bleaching, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrowinning.

E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is commonly found in plungers and oven cleaners.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is also used as a paint stripper and by furniture makers to remove old paint from wooden furniture.
E 524 Sodium Hydroxide is used in the traditional preparation of table olive stew, especially in olive varieties such as manzanilla and gordal.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
EC Number: 215-185-5
CAS Number: 1310-73-2
Synonyms: Caustic soda, Lye, Sodium hydrate
Appearance: White, odorless solid that can be in the form of flakes, pellets, granules, or solutions.
Molar Mass: 39.997 g/mol
Density: 2.13 g/cm³ (solid)
Melting Point: 318 °C (591 K)
Boiling Point: 1,388 °C (1,661 K)

Solubility: Highly soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol.
It is insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
pH: A 1% aqueous solution has a pH of around 14, indicating a very strong base.
Hygroscopic: Readily absorbs moisture from the air.
Deliquescent: Absorbs so much moisture from the air that it dissolves to form a solution.
Strongly Alkaline (Basic): Reacts readily with acids to form salts and water.
Corrosive: Attacks many materials, including metals (especially aluminum and zinc), skin, and organic tissues.
Exothermic Dissolution: Dissolving sodium hydroxide in water releases a significant amount of heat.

Chemical formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.9971 g/mol
Appearance: White, opaque crystals
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.13 g/cm3
Melting point: 323 °C (613 °F; 596 K)
Boiling point: 1,388 °C (2,530 °F; 1,661 K)

Solubility in water:
418 g/L (0 °C)
1000 g/L (25 °C)
3370 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility: soluble in glycerol, negligible in ammonia,
insoluble in ether, slowly soluble in propylene glycol
Solubility in methanol: 238 g/L
Solubility in ethanol: 139 g/L

Vapor pressure:
<2.4 kPa (20 °C)
0.1 kPa (700 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 13.9 (Na+)
Basicity (pKb): 0.0 (OH−)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.)
Refractive index (nD): 1.3576

Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oS8
Space group: Cmcm, No. 63
Lattice constant:
a = 0.34013 nm, b = 1.1378 nm, c = 0.33984 nm
Formula units (Z): 4
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 59.5 J/(mol·K)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 64.4 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −425.8 kJ/mol 3

Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −379.7 kJ/mol
CAS Number: ‎1310-73-2
EC Number: 215-185-5
E number: E524 (acidity regulators, ...)
CAS number: 1310-73-2
EC index number: 011-002-00-6
EC number: 215-185-5
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,FCC,ChP,JP,NF,E 524

Hill Formula: HNaO
Chemical formula: NaOH
Molar Mass: 40 g/mol
HS Code: 2815 11 00
Quality Level: MQ500
Physicochemical Information:
Density: 2.13 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 318 °C

pH value: >14 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: <24 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 1090 g/l
CAS number: 1310-73-2 4
EC index number: 011-002-00-6
EC number: 215-185-5
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,FCC,JP,NF,E 524
Hill Formula: HNaO
Chemical formula: NaOH

Molar Mass: 40.00 g/mol
HS Code: 2815 11 00
Density: 2.13 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 319 - 322 °C
pH value: >14 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Solubility: 1090 g/l
Linear Formula: NaOH
CAS Number: 1310-73-2 4

Molecular Weight: 40.00
MDL number: MFCD00003548
UNSPSC Code: 12352305
E Number: E524
EC Index Number: 215-185-5
Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: odorless

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: 318 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range:
1.390 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: ca.> 14 at 100 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 1.090 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:

Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 2,13 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none

Dissociation constant: 14,8 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density:
1,38 - (Air = 1.0)
Molecular Weight: 39.997 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 39.99250893 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 39.99250893 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 1 Å²

Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available