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E280 (Propionic acid)

CAS NO.:  79-09-4
EC/LIST NO.:  201-176-3

E280 (Propionic acid) (/proʊpiˈɒnɪk/, from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. 
The anion CH3CH2CO2− as well as the salts and esters of E280 (Propionic acid) are known as propionates or propanoates.

E280 (Propionic acid) was first described in 1844 by Johann Gottlieb, who found it among the degradation products of sugar.
Over the next few years, other chemists produced E280 (Propionic acid) by different means, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance. 
In 1847, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called E280 (Propionic acid), from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning first, and πίων (piōn), meaning fat, because it is the smallest H(CH2)nCOOH acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

E280 (Propionic acid) has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is miscible with water, but can be removed from water by adding salt. 
As with acetic and formic acids, it consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor.

E280 (Propionic acid) displays the general properties of carboxylic acids: 
E280 (Propionic acid) can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. 
E280 (Propionic acid) undergoes the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction that involves α-halogenation of a carboxylic acid with bromine, catalysed by phosphorus tribromide, in this case to form 2-bromopropanoic acid, CH3CHBrCOOH.
This product has been used to prepare a racemic mixture of alanine by ammonolysis.

In industry, E280 (Propionic acid) is mainly produced by the hydrocarboxylation of ethylene using nickel carbonyl as the catalyst:


E280 (Propionic acid) is also produced by the aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde. 
In the presence of cobalt or manganese salts (manganese propionate is most commonly used), this reaction proceeds rapidly at temperatures as mild as 40–50 °C:

Large amounts of E280 (Propionic acid) were once produced as a byproduct of acetic acid manufacture. 
At the current time, the world's largest producer of E280 (Propionic acid) is BASF, with approximately 150 kt/a production capacity.

Biotechnological production of E280 (Propionic acid) mainly uses Propionibacterium strains.
However, large scale production of E280 (Propionic acid) by Propionibacteria faces challenges such as severe inhibition of end-products during cell growth and the formation of by-products (acetic acid and succinic acid).
One approach to improve productivity and yield during fermentation is through the use of cell immobilization techniques, which also promotes easy recovery, reuse of the cell biomass and enhances microorganisms’ stress tolerance.
In 2018, 3D printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation. 
E280 (Propionic acid) production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3D-printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study. 
It was shown that those 3D-printed beads were able to promote high density cell attachment and E280 (Propionic acid) production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses.
Other cell immobilization matrices have been tested, such as recycled-glass Poraver and fibrous-bed bioreactor.

Alternative methods of production have been trialled, by genetically engineering strains of Escherichia coli to incorporate the necessary pathway, the Wood-Werkman cycle.

E280 (Propionic acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. 
As a result, some E280 (Propionic acid) produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption. 
For animal feed, it is used either directly or as its ammonium salt. 
The antibiotic monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; 
this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better. 
This application accounts for about half of the world production of E280 (Propionic acid). 
Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts.
As a food additive, it is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand.

E280 (Propionic acid) is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers. 
Cellulose-acetate-propionate is a useful thermoplastic. 
Vinyl propionate is also used. 
In more specialized applications, E280 (Propionic acid) is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals. 
The esters of E280 (Propionic acid) have fruit-like odors and are sometimes used as solvents or artificial flavorings.

In biogas plants, E280 (Propionic acid) is a common intermediate product, which is formed by fermentation with E280 (Propionic acid) bacteria. 
E280 (Propionic acid)s degradation in anaerobic environments (e.g. biogas plants) requires the activity of complex microbial communities

E280 (Propionic acid) is produced biologically as its coenzyme A ester, propionyl-CoA, from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids containing odd numbers of carbon atoms, and also from the breakdown of some amino acids. 
Bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium produce E280 (Propionic acid) as the end-product of their anaerobic metabolism. 
This class of bacteria is commonly found in the stomachs of ruminants and the sweat glands of humans, and their activity is partially responsible for the odor of Emmental cheese, American "Swiss cheese" and sweat.

The metabolism of E280 (Propionic acid) begins with its conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. 
Since E280 (Propionic acid) has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. 
In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. 
A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle and can be readily incorporated there.

E280 (Propionic acid) serves as a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis via conversion to succinyl-CoA.
Additionally, exogenous E280 (Propionic acid) administration results in more endogenous glucose production than can be accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone.
Exogenous E280 (Propionic acid) may upregulate endogenous glucose production via increases in norepinephrine and glucagon, suggesting that chronic ingestion of E280 (Propionic acid) may have adverse metabolic consequences.

In E280 (Propionic acid)emia, a rare inherited genetic disorder, propionate acts as a metabolic toxin in liver cells by accumulating in mitochondria as propionyl-CoA and its derivative, methylcitrate, two tricarboxylic acid cycle inhibitors. 
Propanoate is metabolized oxidatively by glia, which suggests astrocytic vulnerability in E280 (Propionic acid)emia when intramitochondrial propionyl-CoA may accumulate. 
E280 (Propionic acid)emia may alter both neuronal and glial gene expression by affecting histone acetylation.
When E280 (Propionic acid) is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces reversible behavior (e.g., hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration) and brain changes (e.g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) that may be used as a means to model autism in rats.

The human skin is host of several species of Propionibacteria. 
The most notable one is the Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which lives mainly in the sebaceous glands of the skin and is one of the principal causes of acne.
Propionate is observed to be among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the large intestine of humans by gut microbiota in response to indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) in the diet.
The role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites, including propionate, in mediating brain function has been reviewed.

A study in mice suggests that propionate is produced by the bacteria of the genus Bacteroides in the gut, and that it offers some protection against Salmonella there.
Another study finds that fatty acid propionate can calm the immune cells that drive up blood pressure, thereby protecting the body from damaging effects of high blood pressure

E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid, which in its pure state exists as a colorless corrosive liquid with an unpleasant odor. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is miscible in water. 
Industrially it is produced by hydrocarboxylation of ethylene in presence nickel carbonyl as a catalyst. 
E280 (Propionic acid) has been found to reduce food intake, lower the fatty acids content in plasma and liver, might improve tissue insulin sensitivity and exerts immunosuppressive actions. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is an excellent raw material as it is stable, cheap and safe and can even be used as a food additive.

E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) also known as propanoic acid is a short chain fatty acid mainly used as food preservative. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is one of the main metabolic end product formed during the fermentation of undigested food in the colon by the microbiota. 
E280 (Propionic acid) s manufacture by glycerol/glucose co-fermentation using Propionibacterium acidipropionici has been reported. 
Crystal structure study reveals that PA crystals are monoclinic with space group P21/c.

E280 (Propionic acid) derived from colonic bacterial fermentation contributes substantially to overall propionate load in children with disorders of propionate metabolism, and its reduction is important for adequate metabolic control.

E280 (Propionic acid) (from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. 
The anion CH3CH2COO− as well as the salts and esters of E280 (Propionic acid) are known as propionates (or propanoates).

A colorless pungent smelling liquid, miscible with water and almost all normal organic solvents. 
Applications are dye intermediates, textile and rubber auxiliaries, plastics, and plasticizers

E280 (Propionic acid) is a general sales grade and may be used to produce numerous esters, salts, and other derivatives for use in the plastics, coatings, agricultural chemicals, food, flavor, and perfume industries.

E280 (Propionic acid) (propionate) is a commercially valuable carboxylic acid produced through microbial fermentation. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is mainly used in the food industry but has recently found applications in the cosmetic, plastics and pharmaceutical industries. 
Propionate can be produced via various metabolic pathways, which can be classified into three major groups: 
fermentative pathways, biosynthetic pathways, and amino acid catabolic pathways. 
The current review provides an in-depth description of the major metabolic routes for propionate production from an energy optimization perspective. 
Biological propionate production is limited by high downstream purification costs which can be addressed if the target yield, productivity and titre can be achieved. 
Genome shuffling combined with high throughput omics and metabolic engineering is providing new opportunities, and biological propionate production is likely to enter the market in the not so distant future. 
In order to realise the full potential of metabolic engineering and heterologous expression, however, a greater understanding of metabolic capabilities of the native producers, the fittest producers, is required.

Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of E280 (Propionic acid) that exists as colorless, transparent crystals or a granular crystalline powder. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient by FDA, where it acts as an antimicrobial agent for food preservation and flavoring agent. 
E280 (Propionic acid)s use as a food additive is also approved in Europe. Sodium propionate is is prepared by neutralizing E280 (Propionic acid) with sodium hydroxide.


E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) is an organic acid. 
E280 (Propionic acid) exists a clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. 
E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously, together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates. 
The metabolism of E280 (Propionic acid) begins with its conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. 
Since E280 (Propionic acid) has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. 
In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. 


E280 (Propionic acid) has significant physiological activity in animals. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is irritant but produces no acute systemic effects and has no demonstrable genotoxic potential . 
The human skin is host of several species of bacteria known as Propionibacteria, which are named after their ability to produce E280 (Propionic acid). 
The most notable one is the Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which lives mainly in the sebaceous glands of the skin and is one of the principal causes of acne. 
E280 (Propionic acid)uria is one of the most frequent organic acidurias, a disease that comprise many various disorders. 
The outcome of patients born with E280 (Propionic acid)uria is poor intellectual development patterns, with 60% having an IQ less than 75 and requiring special education. 
Successful liver and/or renal transplantations, in a few patients, have resulted in better quality of life but have not necessarily prevented neurological and various visceral complications. 
These results emphasize the need for permanent metabolic follow-up whatever the therapeutic strategy.
Decreased early mortality, less severe symptoms at diagnosis, and more favorable short-term neurodevelopmental outcome were recorded in patients identified through expanded newborn screening. 
ܵ When E280 (Propionic acid) is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration and brain changes (e.g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) that may be used as a means to model autism in rats. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a metabolite of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Dialister, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, Propionibacterium, Propionigenum, Salmonella, Selenomonas and Veillonella 

E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) is used as a preservative in foods such as cheeses, baked goods, or additive for artificial fruit flavors. 
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers it safe and therefore, has no limitation on its use. 
Since E280 (Propionic acid) has been shown before to serve as a substrate for glucose production in the liver, the purpose of this study is to find out if PA intake causes changes in levels of glucose, insulin and other important hormones following a meal.

This research study will compare PA to placebo. 
The placebo looks exactly like the active substance, but it does not contain any active agent (PA). 
Placebos are used in research studies to see if the results are due to the study drug or to other reasons.

E280 (Propionic acid), also known as acide propanoique or propionate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. 
Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 
E280 (Propionic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a potentially toxic compound.

E280 (Propionic acid) is used as a preservative for animal feed and grains for human consumption as it inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is also used as an intermediate to manufacture herbicides.
Other major uses are in cellulose acetate, calcium, sodium, dimethylol and trimethylolpropane propionates.

Worldwide, about 33.8% is used in grain preservatives, 23.5% in animal feed preservatives, 21.8% in herbicides, 15.3% in cellulose acetate propionate, 1.6% in fungicides, 1.5% in flavor and fragrances, 0.6% in pharmaceuticals and 0.3% in packaging.

E280 (Propionic acid) (PA) is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to control fungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter, and drinking water for livestock and poultry. 
European Union (EU) certifies E280 (Propionic acid) as the great of grain preserver and most efficient in controlling Salmonella and other pathogens. 
Recently it is used as feed additive in poultry and non-ruminant production. 
Suitable inclusion level of E280 (Propionic acid) is 0.2 to 0.4% which can improve the overall performances of poultry. 
The preservative effect of E280 (Propionic acid) is due to its antibacterial and mould inhibitory effect. 
High bacteriostatic property of PA is due to its pH reduction activity both in feed and gastrointestinal tract through pharmacogenic action on microflora. 
E280 (Propionic acid) with its growth promoting, health enhancing and antimicrobial effect has proven to be an effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in food animal production.

E280 (Propionic acid) and its salts are used in numerous processes such as in the production of cellulose plastics (used in textiles, filters, reverse osmosis membranes, lacquer formulations and moulding plastics), herbicides, in the manufacture of ester solvents, fruit flavours (citronellyl propionate and geranyl propionate), perfume bases and butyl rubber to improve processability and scorching resistance. 
In animal therapy, sodium propionate has been used in dermatoses, wound infections, anti-arthritic drugs and conjunctivitis. 
In the food industry, E280 (Propionic acid) (E 280) and its sodium (E 281), calcium (E 282) and potassium salts (E 283) are incorporated to suppress the growth of mou Id and rope in breads and cakes, on the surface of cheeses, meats, fruits, vegetables, and tobacco, grain and silage preservation, and to prevent the blowing of canned frankfurters without affecting their f1avour. 
Dipping containers, caps and wrappers in solutions of these salts is also effective. 
Moreover, the association of E280 (Propionic acid) with lactic and acetic acids has been recommended for the preservation of foods. 
This recommendation was reinforced by the works which demonstrated the synergistic effect of these acids on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth in foods.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the acid, the Na-, Ca++ and K+ salts as preservatives in their summary of Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) additives and no upper limits are imposed, except for bread, rolls and cheeses (0.30 to 0.38%).
Propionate is metabolized like other fatty acids in the mammalian body.


Chemical Name:     E280 (Propionic acid)
Synonyms :     
Propanoic acid;
E280 (Propionic acid);


CAS No.    : 79-09-4
Molecular Formula : C3H6O2
Molecular Weight : 74.07850
PSA : 37.30000
LogP : 0.48100


Appearance & Physical State : Clear, colorless liquid
Density :  0.9934
Boiling Point : 141ºC
Melting Point : -22ºC
Flash Point : 51ºC
Refractive Index : 1.385-1.387
Water Solubility : 37 g/100 mL
Stability Stable. : Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Flammable.
Storage Condition : 0-6ºC
Vapor Density : 2.55 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure : 2.4 mm Hg ( 20 °C)


RTECS : UE5950000
Hazard Class : 8
Safety Statements : S23-S36-S45
HS Code    : 2915501000
Packing Group  : II
WGK Germany : 1
RIDADR : UN 3463 8/PG 2
Risk Statements :  R34
Hazard Codes : C
Symbol : GHS02, GHS05, GHS07
Hazard Declaration  : H226; H314; H335
Signal Word : Danger
Caution Statement : P210; P280; P303 + P361 + P353; P304 + P340 + P310; P305 + P351 + P338; P403 + P235


Agribusiness generates solid and liquid wastes with high nutritional value.
Many of these wastes are not used and, furthermore, treating them to comply with official requirements can be costly, resulting in increases in process costs and, consequently, the final product price. 
Some companies are already using agroindustrial byproducts, such as corn husks and whey, to produce baked products, enzymes, organic acids and biogas.

There are several by-products that can be used as substrates in fermentative processes. 
One of these is corn steep liquor, which contains a large amount of nitrogen and amino acids, and is mainly used as a complementary feed in the manufacture of feed for poultry and ruminants . 
Whey is a by-product of dairy products that is obtained during the process of milk coagulation. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is generated in large quantities and can cause considerable environmental impact if it is discarded in the environment without proper treatment because it contains high chemical oxygen demand (COD), which causes depletion of oxygen concentration and the death of fish and other aerobic beings .
The effluent from animal feed production consists of residues that originate from the purging of boilers and the washing of floors and equipment during the process of manufacturing animal meal. 
E280 (Propionic acid)s final composition is basically protein but it also contains oils and fats .

E280 (Propionic acid) is an organic acid used as a preservative in foods and seeds, as well as an ingredient in various products such as thermoplastics, medicines, perfumes, fragrances and solvents. 
The commercial production of E280 (Propionic acid) is mainly through petrochemical synthesis from ethylene. 
However, the use of renewable sources to produce this acid by the fermentation process is an environmentally friendly alternative  .
Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production of E280 (Propionic acid) from the fermentation of agroindustrial effluents (whey and corn steep liquor) and effluent from animal feed production using Propionibacterium acidipropionici 4843 as inoculum.

E280 (Propionic acid) is an organic acid that acts as a fungicide, inhibiting the growth of aerobic micro-organisms that can cause heating and moulding. 
Other organic acids, such as acetic and citric acids are sometimes also included, but E280 (Propionic acid) is the most effective as a mould inhibitor.

The E280 (Propionic acid) inhibits mould growth while the bales "sweat' and "cure" down to safe moisture levels by dissipation and evaporation. 
Do not confuse organic acid hay preservatives with enzymes, bacterial inoculants or nutritive additive products, which differ in modes-of-action and effectiveness. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is sprayed onto hay as it enters the baler. Equipment includes a baler-mounted applicator with a pump, nozzles, and tank.

Hay treated with buffered propionic and other organic acid products is safe to feed to livestock. 
Propionic and acetic acids are organic acids that are produced by microbes in the rumen (and the cecum and colon of horses) and then used by the animal as part of the digestion process.

E280 (Propionic acid) (PA), a valuable chemical widely used in the food and feed industry, is currently produced by the petrochemical industry. 
Selective production of PA from bio-based lactic acid (LA) is difficult due to the high activation energy of the hydroxyl group at the α position of the carboxyl group. 
Herein, a metal-free catalytic system for the highly selective transformation of bio-based LA to PA, which was used as the solvent to simplify the separation step, is reported using NaI as the catalyst. 
Under the optimal reaction conditions, a >99% yield of PA can be obtained from LA. 
A heat-induced radical-activated hydrogen mechanism was proposed based on the kinetic study and intermediate capture. 
The metal-free system can be reused five times without any loss in activity, and the PA product is easily separated. 
In addition, a two-step method using cellulose as the raw material to produce PA was conducted. 
This strategy offers a green and efficient approach to synthesize PA from biomass resources.

E280 (Propionic acid) is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2COOH.

E280 (Propionic acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria. 
As a result, most E280 (Propionic acid) produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption, for exemple as a salt. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is listed as an additive, which name is E280.
E280 (Propionic acid)'s also an intermediary in compounds production, especially polymers.
In more specific situations, it's used for pesticides production or pharmaceutical products.

E280 (Propionic acid), molecular formula C3H6O2, is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid.
E280 (Propionic acid) is usually the second most abundant short chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced during  fermentation, such as that of mash made from corn meal.
Used as a preservative and flavoring agent in various types of packaged foods, E280 (Propionic acid) is considered very safe in food. 
E280 (Propionic acid) has become an important solution in the quest for safe food additives that keep products fresh and enhance flavor. 
Typical concentrations in food are slight and the acid is digested naturally.

In ready-to-eat meats, E280 (Propionic acid)
can be used:
to inhibit Listeria with other inhibitors
for low usage rate, low flavor impact,
low cost-in-use

In baked goods, E280 (Propionic acid) can be used:
for mold control in bakery products
to extend microbial shelf life of bakery
products, especially corn tortillas
consistent, low-cost-in-use, and low
organoleptic impact with buffered products

E280 (Propionic acid) is a colorless liquid with a strong odor, which is miscible with water and a few organic solvents. 
The other names of propionic liquid include carboxylic acid, ethanecarboxylic acid, carboxyethane, and ethylformic acid. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is a naturally occurring substance that can be used in essential oils as esters. 
The market is segmented on the basis of application, end-user industry, and geography. 
By application, the market is segmented into Animal Feed and Food Preservatives, Calcium, Ammonium, Sodium Salts, Cellulose Acetate Propionate, Herbicides, Plasticizers, Rubber Products, and Other Applications. 
By end-user industry, the market is segmented into Agriculture, Food and Beverage, Personal Care, Pharmaceutical, and Other End-user Industries. 
The report also covers the market size and forecasts for the E280 (Propionic acid) Market in 15 countries across major regions. 
For each segment, the market sizing and forecasts have been done on the basis of revenue (USD million) and volume

E280 (Propionic acid) bacteria (PAB) possess a set of physiological and biochemical properties that allows their inclusion in probiotic compositions. 
Their potential resources are underestimated as yet.
The list of the described probiotic characteristics of PAB must be enlarged by the addition of antimutagenic, reactivative and protective activities, first discovered by our group.

E280 (Propionic acid) is a three-carbon carboxylic acid, CH3CH2COOH, which occurs naturally as the free acid or in the form of its esters. 
E280 (Propionic acid) can be produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation

E280 (Propionic acid) is an active ingredient for use as fungicides and bactericides on stored grains, hay, storage areas for silage and grains, poultry litter, and drinking water for poultry and livestock. 
According to the petition, there is 48% of E280 (Propionic acid) in their product (DMX-7) which is used primarily for animal feed preservation as a mold inhibitor. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is used in shipping and storage and is applied either as a solution or on an absorbent (vermiculite) to prevent mold in corn gluten meal, corn, rice and other grains. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is applied with a spray nozzle

E280 (Propionic acid) is permitted in animal feed and human foods primarily as a mold inhibitor. 
E280 (Propionic acid) tends to be highly specific against molds, with the inhibitory action being primarily fungistatic rather than fungicidal.
E280 (Propionic acid) acts against microorganisms by inhibiting the cellular uptake of substrate molecules

E280 (Propionic acid), a widely used food preservative and intermediate in the manufacture of various chemicals, is currently produced
from petroleum-based chemicals, raising concerns about its long-term sustainability. 
A key way to make E280 (Propionic acid) more sustainable is through fermentation of low-cost renewable and inedible sugar sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass. 
To this end, we utilized the cellulosic hydrolysate of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), a residue from a promising biomass source that can be cultivated around the world, for fermentative E280 (Propionic acid) production using Propionibacterium freudenreichii. 
In serum bottles, SSB hydrolysate supported a higher E280 (Propionic acid) yield than glucose (0.51 vs. 0.44 g/g, respectively), which can be
attributed to the presence of additional nutrients in the hydrolysate enhancing E280 (Propionic acid) biosynthesis and the pH buffering capacity of the hydrolysate. 
Additionally, SSB hydrolysate supported better cell growth kinetics and higher tolerance to product inhibition by P. freudenreichii. 
The yield was further improved by co-fermenting glycerol, a renewable byproduct of the biodiesel industry, reaching up to 0.59 g/g, whereas volumetric productivity was enhanced by running the fermentation with high cell density inoculum. 
In the bioreactor, although the yield was slightly lower than in serum bottles (0.45 g/g), higher final concentration and overall productivity of E280 (Propionic acid) were achieved. 
Compared to glucose (this study) and hydrolysates from other biomass species (literature), use of SSB hydrolysate as a renewable glucose source resulted in comparable or even higher E280 (Propionic acid) yields.

E280 (Propionic acid) is commonly used in the food industry as preservative and across a wide range of industries as intermediate in the manufacture of polymers, pesticides, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals . 
The common way to produce E280 (Propionic acid) is via non-sustainable petrochemical routes. 
However, as societal concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability intensify, it behooves the chemical industry to transition from traditional fossil resources to renewable ones

E280 (Propionic acid) (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally-occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. 
In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. 
The anion CH3CH2COO− as well as the salts and esters of E280 (Propionic acid) are known as propionates (or propanoates).

E280 (Propionic acid) was first described in 1844 by Johann Gottlieb, who found it among the degradation products of sugar. 
Over the next few years, other chemists produced E280 (Propionic acid) in various other ways, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance. 
In 1847, the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established that all the acids were the same compound, which he called E280 (Propionic acid), from the Greek words protos = "first" and pion = "fat," because it was the smallest H(CH2)nCOOH acid that exhibited the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

E280 (Propionic acid) has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acid, and the larger fatty acids. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is miscible with water, but it can be removed from water by adding salt. 
As with acetic and formic acids, its vapor grossly violates the ideal gas law because it does not consist of individual E280 (Propionic acid) molecules, but instead of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules. 
E280 (Propionic acid) also undergoes this pairing in the liquid state.

E280 (Propionic acid) displays the general properties of carboxylic acids, and, like most other carboxylic acids, it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. 
E280 (Propionic acid) can undergo alpha-halogenation with bromine in the presence of PBr3 as catalyst (the HVZ reaction) to form CH3CHBrCOOH.

In industry, E280 (Propionic acid) is main produced by the hydrocarboxylation of ethylene using nickel carbonyl as the catalyst:

RCH=CH2 + H2O + CO → CH3CH2CO2H

E280 (Propionic acid) is also produced by the aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde. 
In the presence of cobalt or manganese ions, this reaction proceeds rapidly at temperatures as mild as 40-50°C:

CH3CH2CHO + ½ O2 → CH3CH2COOH

Large amounts of E280 (Propionic acid) were once produced as a byproduct of acetic acid manufacture. 
Current world's largest producer is BASF, with approximately 80 ktpa production capacity.

E280 (Propionic acid) is produced biologically as its coenzyme A ester, propionyl-CoA, from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids containing odd numbers of carbon atoms, and also it the breakdown of some amino acids. 
Bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium produce E280 (Propionic acid) as the end product of their anaerobic metabolism. 
This class of bacteria is commonly found in the stomachs of ruminants and the sweat glands of humans, and their activity is partially responsible for the odor of both Swiss cheese and sweat.

E280 (Propionic acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria. 
As a result, most E280 (Propionic acid) produced is used as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption, and can be used as a preservative for Ballistics Gel. 
For animal feed, it is used either directly or as its ammonium salt. 
In human foods, especially bread and other baked goods, it is used as its sodium or calcium salt. 
Similar usage occurs in some of the older anti-fungal foot powders.

E280 (Propionic acid) is also useful as a chemical intermediate. 
E280 (Propionic acid) can be used to modify synthetic cellulose fibers. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals. 
The esters of E280 (Propionic acid) are sometimes used as solvents or artificial flavorings.

E280 (Propionic acid) is a volatile fatty acid (as well as acetic and butyric acid) and has an unpleasantly sharp sour smell and taste. 
During the preservation process in grass and maize silage, lactic acid, acetic acid and E280 (Propionic acid) are formed from the sugars present under favorable conditions. 
This results in a rapid drop in the pH drop, which ensures a well-conserved pit in which there is no chance of heating and fungi. 
The sum of acetic acid and E280 (Propionic acid) is part of the Conservation Index, developed by Blgg. T
he optimum content of acetic acid + E280 (Propionic acid) in grass silage is between 20 and 35 g / kgds. 
Too low levels stimulate heating as soon as the pit is opened and too high levels are undesirable because of the taste. 
Vinegar and E280 (Propionic acid) are weak acids, which means that they have an antibacterial effect on fungi, yeasts and unwanted bacteria at low pH. 
With a well-conserved pit with low pH, the chance of heating is also minimal. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is often an important component of silage additives.

E280 (Propionic acid) has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acid, and the larger fatty acids. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is miscible with water, but it can be removed from water by adding salt. 
As with acetic and formic acids, its vapor grossly violates the ideal gas law because it does not consist of individual E280 (Propionic acid) molecules, but instead of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules. 
E280 (Propionic acid) also undergoes this pairing in the liquid state.

E280 (Propionic acid) displays the general properties of carboxylic acids, and, like most other carboxylic acids, it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. 
E280 (Propionic acid) can undergo alpha-halogenation with bromine in the presence of PBr3 as catalyst (the HVZ reaction) to form CH3CHBrCOOH.

E280 (Propionic acid) prevents the growth of fungus and molds, and the acid and its salts can be used as a flavoring agent in some foods.
E280 (Propionic acid)s use in a variety of products has been increasing, and expanded applications include industrial processes as well as the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Historically, E280 (Propionic acid) has been used in bread and baked goods to inhibit mold growth, and it is also commonly used for the same purpose on the surface of cheeses. 
More recently its uses have extended into packaged goods where it is also used as a flavoring agent. 
In industry it is now used in plastics, herbicides and rubber production. 
E280 (Propionic acid) is often used as a general mold prevention product, and containers may be dipped into a solution to kill mold spores. 
Typical concentrations in food are 0.3 to 0.4 percent and the acid is digested naturally, adding only a small part to the already present E280 (Propionic acid) in the gut.

One reason for the increased use is the high level of confidence in its safety in food and cosmetics. 
Because it occurs naturally on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract, the risk of adding small quantities to the amounts already present is minor. 
In the quest for safe food additives that keep products fresh and enhance flavor, E280 (Propionic acid) has become an important factor.

E280 (Propionic acid), also known as propanoic acid, is a naturally occurring three-carbon carboxylic acid that can be used as a preservative in food with the European food additive number E280. 
This ingredient is used to inhibit the growth of mold in baked goods and cheeses.

E280 (Propionic acid) can be produced by chemical synthesis or bacterial fermentation. 
The following are the main five manufacturing processes, where the mainstream industrial synthesis is almost dominated by petrochemical processes 

E280 (Propionic acid)’s mechanism of preservation is similar with that of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. 
The optimal pH range for its antimicrobial effectiveness is from 2.5 to 5.5.

E280 (Propionic acid) is the undissociated form of E280 (Propionic acid) that has antimicrobial activity. 
The undissociated E280 (Propionic acid) penetrates into the microbial cell membrane and enters into cytoplasm. 

And then, E280 (Propionic acid) accumulates and dissociates prone which decreases the internal pH of the microbial and finally prevents the growth of the microbial or even kills them

Propanoic acid is a weak acid that dissociates H3O+ and CH3CH2COO- (conjugate base) when it reacts with water. 
E280 (Propionic acid)s PKa value is 4.88, less acidity than benzoic acid and sorbic acid. 

The following is the dissociation equation in water.

H3CCH2CO2H(aq) +H2O(l)⇌H3CCH2CO−2+H3O+

E280 (Propionic acid)s PH value 3.96 at the concentration of 1nmol/L.


IUPAC NAME:

Acid C3, Propanoic acid, Propanyl acid, Methyl acetic acid

n-E280 (Propionic acid)

PROPANOIC ACID

Propanoic acid

propanoic acid

Propanoic acid

E280 (Propionic acid)

E280 (Propionic acid)

E280 (Propionic acid)

SYNONYMS:

fenoprofen
fenoprofen calcium
Nalfon
Ansaid
flurbiprofen
Advil
ibuprofen
isobutylphenyl E280 (Propionic acid)
Motrin
Nuprin
ketoprofen
Orudis
Orudis KT
Oruvail
Naprosyn
naproxen
Aflaxen
Aleve
Anaprox
naproxen sodium
Daypro
oxaprozin
carboxylic acid

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