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Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, or methyl cellosolve, is an organic compound with formula C3H8O2 that is used mainly as a solvent. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is a clear, colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is in a class of solvents known as glycol ethers which are notable for their ability to dissolve a variety of different types of chemical compounds and for their miscibility with water and other solvents. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate can be formed by the nucleophilic attack of methanol on protonated ethylene oxide followed by proton transfer, C2H5O+ + CH3OH → C3H8O2 + H
CAS NUMBER: 109-86-4
SYNONYMS:
4437-01-8; 2,5,8,11,14,17,20-Heptaoxadocosan-22-ol; HeptaEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; m-PEG7-alcohol; O-Methylheptaethylene Glycol; mPEG7-OH ; MFCD06201006; Methoxyheptaethylene glycol; Monomethoxy-PEG (n=7); Methyl-PEG7-alcohol; ACMC-2097fj; 3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxadocosan-1-ol; SCHEMBL40216; DTXSID70335715; C15H32O8; Hepta(ethylene glycol) methyl ether; ANW-13901; ZINC16052118; Heptaetheylene glycol monomethyl ether; AKOS016009179; ACN-050855; MP-0307; HEPTAETHYLENEGLYCOLMONOMETHYLETHER; AK109792; AS-19694
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate stable, but contact with air may lead to the formation of explosive peroxides. A peroxide test should be carried out before this material is used if Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has been exposed to air for some time, especially if Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is to be purified by distillation. Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fire or explosion. Incompatible with strong bases, Solvent, jet fuel anti-icing additive, in the semiconductor industry in manufacture of printed circuit boards.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is a colorless liquid with a slight ethereal odor. The Odor Threshold is 0.92.3 ppm.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is miscible with water and with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is a solvent for essential oils, lignin, dammar, Elemi Essential Oil, ester gum, kauri, mastic, rosin, sandarac resin, shellac, Zanzibar, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, alcohol-soluble dyes and many synthetic resins. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is solvency far cellulose esters is augmented when a ketone or a halogenated hydrocarbon i s added.
The uses for Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate are as a solvent in quick-drying varnishes and enamels, in conjunction with aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and ketones; in solvent mixtures and thinners for lacquers and dopes; in the manufacture of synthetic resin plasticizers and as a penetrating and leveling agent in dyeing processes, especially in the dyeing of leather. Other uses are as o fixative in perfumes and as a solvent in odorless nail-polish lacquers.
IUPAC NAME:
2-Butoxyethanol; 2-Methoxy-ethanol; 2-methoxy-ethanol; 2-methoxyethan-1-ol; 2-Methoxyethanol; 2-methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate); 2-methoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; 2-metossietanolo; dimethoxymethane; Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; Methylglycol, Methoxyethanol
TRADE NAME:
2-Methoxyethanol; 2-methoxyethanol; EGME; Ethylene glycol methyl ether; ethylene glycol methyl ether; Methyl glycol ether; MGE
OTHER NAME:
109-86-4; 109-87-5; 603-011-00-4
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateshould not be added to nitrocellulose lacquers containing coumarone resins or ester gum because Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate will cause incompatibility between these substances. Colorless liquid with a mild, ether-like odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were <300 μg/m3 (<96 ppbv) and 700 μg/m3 (220 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974).
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is considered a non-comedogenic raw material. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is used as a solvent in nail products and as a stabilizer in cosmetic emulsions. The primary use of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is as asolvent for cellulose acetate, certain syntheticand natural resins, and dyes. Other applications are in jet fuel deicing, sealing moisture-proof cellophane, dyeing leather, and use innail polishes, varnishes, and enamels.
Solvent for low-viscosity cellulose acetate, natural resins, some synthetic resins and some alcohol-soluble dyes; in dyeing leather, sealing moistureproof cellophane; in nail polishes, quick-drying varnishes and enamels, wood stains. In modified Karl Fischer reagent, Peters, Jungnickel, Anal. Chem. 27, 450 (1955).
A hydroxyether that is ethanol substituted by a methoxy group at position 2. A clear colorless liquid. Flash point of 110°F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is incompatible with oxygen and strong oxidizing agents. Contact with bases may result in decomposition. Incompatible with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. . Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate forms explosive peroxides.
This invention provides a method for preparing ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. The method comprises passing a fresh raw material containing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water through a reaction zone loaded with a solid acid catalyst to react under the following conditions separating the reacted mixture via a separation system to obtain a target product of ethylene glycol, by-products containing methanol, dimethyl ether and ethylene glycol-based derivatives, and an unreacted raw material containing .
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water; passing the target product of ethylene glycol into a product collection system; and passing methyl alcohol and dimethyl ether in the by-products into a by-product collection system and after being mixed with the fresh raw materials containing.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water, the ethylene glycol-based derivatives in the by-products and the unreacted raw material containing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water being recycled into the reaction zone, to realize the preparation of ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. This invention provides a new process to realize the preparation of ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. And in the method, the catalyst has long life and good stability.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is an industrial solvent used widely for the production of cellulose acetate, resins, paints, inks, and stains.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is also used in jet fuels and hydraulic fluids as an antifreeze.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is colorless and volatile and can be absorbed readily by inhalation and surface contact. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is the methyl ether of propylene glycol (PM), and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate acetate is the acetate of the methyl ether of propylene glycol (PMA).
The chemical structures and the names of technically equivalent products for these Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate solvents are given. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate solvents meet or exceed competitor and industry specifications for these products, including ASTM Specification D4837 for PM and ASTM Specification D4835 for PMA.
Peroxides can be removed by refluxing with stannous chloride or by filtration under slight pressure through a column of activated alumina. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate can be dried with K2CO3, CaSO4, MgSO4 or silica gel, then distilled from sodium. Aliphatic ketones (and water) can be removed by making the solvent 0.1% in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and allowing to stand overnight with silica gel before fractionally distilling. Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Heat or oxidizers may cause the formation of unstable peroxides. Attacks many metals. Strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions. Strong bases cause decomposition and the formation of toxic gas.
Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. May accumulate static electrical charges, and may cause ignition of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is vapors. Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides: perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Both substances have been designated with “H” (skin notation) and classified in pregnancy risk group B (MAK Value Documentation, Hartwig 2009). Available publications are described in detail.The most sensitive parameter for the effects of 2‐ME in experiments is Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is influence on the erythropoetic system (haematotoxicity). The study by Shih et al. (2003) found clear haematological effects for the parameters haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte count for 2‐ME at mean arithmetic concentration of 57.7 ± 31.8 mg/g creatinine.
Slight haematological effects could not be excluded with certainty at a mean arithmetic concentration of 24.6 ± 14.7 mg/g creatinine, while no effects were observed at a concentration of 13.5 ± 10.6 mg/g. On the basis of these data available, a BAT‐value of 15 mg methoxyacetic acid/g creatinine was established. The sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the shift. Due to the long half‐life of 2‐ME or methoxyacetic acid (about 70 hours), an accumulation in the body during the working week has to be considered.
Wash thoroughly after handling to Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Use only in a well ventilated area. Ground and bond containers when transferring material. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proof equipment. Empty containers retain product residue to Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, (liquid and/or vapor), and can be dangerous. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid contact with heat, sparks and flame. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames. Absorb spill with inert material, (e.g., dry sand or earth), then place into a chemical waste container. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Clean up spills immediately, using the appropriate protective equipment. Remove all sources of ignition. Use a spark-proof tool. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
Provides a method for preparing ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. The method comprises passing a fresh raw material containing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water through a reaction zone loaded with a solid acid catalyst to react under the following conditions; separating the reacted mixture via a separation system to obtain a target product of ethylene glycol, by-products containing methanol, dimethyl ether and ethylene glycol-based derivatives, and an unreacted raw material containing.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water; passing the target product of ethylene glycol into a product collection system; and passing methyl alcohol and dimethyl ether in the by-products into a by-product collection system; and after being mixed with the fresh raw materials containing .
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water, the ethylene glycol-based derivatives in the by-products and the unreacted raw material containing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and water being recycled into the reaction zone, to realize the preparation of ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. This invention provides a new process to realize the preparation of ethylene glycol by hydrolyzing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. And in the method, the catalyst has long life and good stability.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is one kind of polyhydric alcohol ether as high boiling point organic solvent in fine organic chemical industry. Diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether is prepared with diethylene glycol ethyl ether and alkali mixture of NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 and K2CO3 as material through reaction of 1-7 hr while introducing N2 and at 30-120 deg.c to produce sodium alcoholate and/or potassium alcoholate.
Williamson reaction between sodium alcoholate and/or potassium alcoholate and halogenomethane at 30-110 deg.c for 0.5-6.0 hr and ageing for 0.5-5 hr; separating reacted material to obtain Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate mother liquid and filter residue containing Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; soaking the filter residue in methanol, washing and separation to obtain methanol solution of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; and rectifying the mother liquid and the methanol solution to obtain Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate product while recovering methanol.
A new convenient initiation process for ATRP, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET ATRP), was investigated in homogeneous aqueous solution at ambient temperature (30 °C). Tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (TPMA)/CuBr2 complex was used as an oxidatively stable Cu(II) precursor. Ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent to reduce the air-stable Cu(II) complex, resulting in generation of an active catalyst.
Two oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylates (OEOMA) with different pendent OEO chain lengths (OEOMA300 and OEOMA475) were used to demonstrate the broad applicability of aqueous AGET ATRP for the synthesis of well-controlled water-soluble homopolymers and random copolymers at the targeting degree of polymerization (DP) = 300.
Concentrations of Cu(II) complex and ascorbic acid as well as ratio of water to macromonomer were varied to produce well-controlled homopolymers of P(OEOMA300) and P(OEOMA475) as well as random copolymer P(OEOMA300-ran-OEOMA474) with DP > 240 and Mw/Mn < 1.3. CuCl2/TPMA complex resulted in a slower but better controlled polymerization than CuBr2/TPMA complex.
The CuBr2/bpy complex produced polymers with broader molecular weight distribution than the CuBr2/TPMA complex. Aqueous AGET ATRP retains all of the benefits of normal ATRP. Additionally,Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate provides a facile route for the preparation of polymers due to the use of oxidatively stable catalyst precursors.
A series of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) fatty acid monoesters were prepared by the transesterification of different fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. A solid basic catalyst, namely, calcined sodium silicate, was used.
Various parameters, such as the calcination temperature, amount of catalyst, molar ratio of FAME/ Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, reaction temperature, and time on the yield of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate ML (ML = methyl laurate), were optimized; the reusability of calcined sodium silicate was also examined. Calcined sodium silicate was also used as a catalyst for examining the catalytic activity of soybean oil biodiesel with Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the properties of calcined sodium silicate.
The results indicated that calcined sodium silicate was effective for the synthesis of novel biodiesel by FAMEs, with Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate as reactants. Centrifugation and decantation were used to separate the solid basic catalyst from the reaction system easily. The separated catalyst can be directly used in the next round of reactions for at least 3 cycles and gave a satisfied yield. A maximum yield of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate fatty acid monoester of above 90.0% was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions.
Furthermore, the reaction kinetic of the transesterification of ML with Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was investigated.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate revealed that the reaction follows second-order kinetics; the activation energy Ea and pre-exponential factor A were 50.05 kJ mol–1 and 1.07 × 104 L min–1 mol–1 by the calculation, respectively. Koros–Nowak tests were designed and conducted, andEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was proven that the heat and mass transfer were not limited by the reaction rate.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate acetate (EGMEA) have been tested for their acute and chronic toxicity to various organisms occupying different trophic levels in the aquatic ecosystems. The results obtained in this study and those collected from the literature clearly reveal that Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate does not present short- or long-term ecotoxic effects in the ranges of concentrations likely to be found in aquatic environments. Indeed, in general, concentrations of 1000 to 10,000 mg/L of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate are necessary before significant adverse effects can be observed in aquatic species.
Conversely, acute toxicity occurs in fish at about 50 mg/L of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateA, and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia is affected by 0.06 mg/L of this chemical. A teratogenic effect—with a specific malformation of the surfaces in Xenopus laevis in the presence of 75 mg/L of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateA.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) are highly flammable, colorless, moderately volatile liquids with very good solubility properties. They are used in paints, lacquers, stains, inks and surface coatings, silk-screen printing, photographic and photo lithographic processes, for example, in the semiconductor industry, textile and leather finishing, production of food-contact plastics, and as an antiicing additive in hydraulic fluids and jet fuel. The contribution of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate in relation to other exposure factors in the semiconductor industry is clear. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME), which is widely used in various industrial products,
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) is an industrial solvent that has wide application, including the aviation sector. Discloses a preparation method of glycol ether. Glycol ether is prepared in a high selectivity manner with glycol as a raw material, low carbon fatty alcohol as an etherification reagent and a reaction solvent and an acid as a catalyst.
When the glycol conversion rate reaches above 90%, the selectivity of monoether can reach 86%, or the total selectivity of diether can reach 60%. any of a class of organic chemicals characterized by having separate two hydroxyl (-OH) groups, contribute to high water solubility, hygroscopicity and reactivity with many organic compounds, on usually linear and aliphatic carbon chain.
The general formula is CnH2n(OH)2 or (CH2)n(OH)2. The wider meaning names include diols, dihydric alcohols, and dihydroxy alcohols. Polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols are sometimes called polyglycols which are derived by polymerization of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide respectively.
Polyethylene glycols are water-soluble at all molecular weights, but polypropylene glycols become increasingly less water-soluble at high molecular weights. Ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is the simplest member of the glycol family. Mono-, di- and triethylene glycols are the first three members of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols. They are colourless, essentially odourless stable liquids with low viscosities and high boiling points.
Ethylene glycol is a colourless, odourless, involatile and hygroscopic liquid with a sweet taste. It is somewhat viscous liquid; miscible with water; boiling point 198 C, melting point 13 C; soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, aldehydes; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in oil, fat, hydrocarbones. It is prepared commercially by oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono-, with di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycols as co-products.
The yields of ethylene glycol are depend on pH conditions. The acid-catalyzed condition in the presence of excess water provides the highest yield of monoethylene glycol. Because of its low freezing point, involatility and low corrosive activity, it is widely used in mixtures of automobile antifreeze and engine-cooling liquids. Ethylene glycol has become increasingly important in the plastics industry for the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins, including polyethylene terephthalate, which is used to make plastic bottles for soft drinks (PET bottles). MEG is the raw material in the production of polyester fiber, PET resins, alkyd, and unsaturated polyester.
Since Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is an industrial solvent, care should be taken when exposed to Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and in the presence of herbal treatments. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) is enlisted among the group of solvents referred to as glycol ethers. Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol usually used in paints and this group is sub-divided into two classes: ethylene glycol ethers (EGEs) and propylene glycol ethers (PGEs). Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate belongs to the class of EGEs [1].
The molecular formula is C3H8O2 and the molecular weight is 76.09 g/mol2. The active biological oxidation product is Methoxy Acetic Acid (MAA). Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is a reaction product of ethylene oxide and methanol.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is moderately volatile, highly inflammable, and colorless with very good solubility properties.
As a result of the simultaneous hydrophilic and lipophilic properties,Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has wide consumer and industrial applications. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate finds use as an anti-freeze additive in hydraulic fluids and jet fuel.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is also used in stains, inks, paints and surface coating, photographic and photo lithographic processes, lacquers, production of food-contact plastics, textile and leather finishing, silk-screen printing, and in the semi-conductor industry [3,4].
A novel biodiesel named Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate palm oil monoester was developed. This fuel owns one more ester group than the traditional biodiesel. The fuel was synthesized and structurally identified through FT-IR, P1PH NMR analyses and GPC. Engine test results showed that when a tested diesel engine was fueled with this biodiesel in the place of 0# diesel fuel, engine-out smoke emissions decreased by 69.0 to 89.3%, and nitric oxide (NOx) also lessened significantly, but unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions generally do not change noticeably compared with pure diesel fuel.
In the area of combustion performances, both engine in-cylinder pressure and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is changing rate with crankshaft angle were increased to some extent for Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate palm oil monoester because of the higher cetane number and shorter ignition delay. Due to certain amount of oxygen contained in the new biodiesel resulting in the low calorific value, the engine thermal efficiency dropped by 14.4% at record level when fueled with the biodiesel, which needs to be improved in the future.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, is a reaction product of ethylene oxide and Methanol. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is chemically known as a Methyl Glycol, 2-Methoxy Ethanol,1-Methoxy-2-hydroxyethene, Methyl (2-hydroxyethyl) ether. CommerciallyEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is known as a Methyl Cellosolve, which is a trademark of Union Carbide. Ethylene Glycol Mono Methyl Ether is an excellent solvent for the various resins & paste etc.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has a high solvent power soEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is used together with low- boiling solvents. Methyl Cellosolve (Methyl Glycol) is employed with particular advantage in cellulose acetate and cellulose ether lacquers. AlthoughEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has a rather high boiling point, film formation is rapid owing to Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is relatively high evaporation rate.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is such a good solvent for nitrocellulose thatEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate may be used in the production of very highly concentrated lacquer solution which dry and set within a comparatively short time.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate can be used with advantage for regulating the evaporation time and the flow of cellulose ether lacquers, for this purpose Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate may be diluted to a large extent with toluene or ethanol. This product is also used in aviation industry as FSII – Dicing – Anti Icing agent.
A series of copolymers of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate (A) (P(D-co-A)) with variable ratios of comonomers were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization. Then, the amino groups of obtained copolymers were modified to clickable azide or prop-2-yn-1-yl carbamate groups. A thermoresponsive copolymers were obtained with the value of cloud point temperature (TCP) dependent on the type and number of functional groups in the copolymer and on the concentration of solutions. For P(D-co-A) copolymers, the TCP increased with increasing content of 2-aminoethyl Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate comonomer.
The presence of azide and prop-2-yn-1-yl carbamate groups caused the changes of TCP of modified copolymers. All studied copolymers in dilute aqueous solutions aggregated above TCP to nanoparticles with sizes dependent on the solution concentration, heating procedures, and types and numbers of functional groups present in a copolymer chain. The presence of hydrophilic elements in the chain and the increase in the copolymer concentration led to the enlargement of the particle sizes. Aggregates were crosslinked using click reaction between an azide and prop-2-yn-1-yl carbamate groups that led to stable thermoresponsive nanogels.
Polymeric nanogels (also called nano-sized hydrogels or hydrogel nanoparticles) are promising and innovative materials that have great potential for nanomedicine, pharmaceutics, and bionanotechnology [1–3]. Nanogels are three-dimensional networks that tend to adsorb water or physiological fluid without a change in their internal structure. They can be used as biosensors, cell culture systems, and recently quite often as drug delivery systems [1,4–9]. They have high stability, drug loading ability, biologic consistency, and can be responsive to environmental stimuli.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate monolaurate (DGMEML) was synthesized via the reaction of diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (DGME) with Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate laurate (ML) by a new solid base catalyst of KF/CaO/AC, which was prepared by impregnation method using active carbon as carrier.
The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen physisorption-desorption and Hammett indicator methods, the effect of the mole ratio of KF to CaO, Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate to ML molar ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction time and temperature on the yield of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate were studied, and the relationship between the structure of the catalyst and the yield of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was investigated.
The formed KCaF3 and K2O were acting as the main active components in the catalytic transesterification; the highest yield of 96.3 % was obtained as KF-to-CaO molar ratio of 2.0, Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate to ML molar ratio of 4.0, catalyst amount of 5 wt%, and reaction time of 30 min at 75 °C; and the catalyst displayed good stability in the transesterification.
Biodiesel originated from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with short chain alcohols has been attracted more attention for the biodegradable, nontoxic, comparable calorific value and relative lower emission of NO x and CO2 to the petroleum diesel; and the production of biodiesel increased rapidly around the world (Shahir et al. 2015; Avhad and Marchetti 2015; Gopinath et al. 2015). In recent years, some studies tried successfully to introduce one ether group or more into biodiesel molecules to further reduce smoke emissions, and a novel biodiesel synthesized via the transesterification of fatty acids.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate with short chain glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester , ethylene glycol n-propyl ether palm oil monoester , ethylene glycol monoethyl ether soybean oil monoester , and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate palm oil monoester et al. have been developed.
Compared with the traditional biodiesel, novel biodiesel with higher oxygen content for introducing an ether group can effectively improve the combustion and emission performance . At present, novel biodiesel is mainly prepared by homogeneous base catalyst, such as sodium alcoholate and KOH . The usage of homogeneous catalysts produced large amounts of caustic wastewater giving rise to serious environmental pollution and post-processing was complex .
Recently, Na2SiO3 (Fan et al. 2013), KF/HTL and KF/CaO/Kaolinite acting as solid base catalysts have been respectively used in the production of novel biodiesel of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate soybean oil ester and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate monolaurate. The results demonstrates the heterogeneous solid bases show good catalytic performance, and the catalytic processes have fewer unit operations. Moreover, the simple methods of filtration, centrifugation can be easily used to separate the solid catalyst from the reaction system.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has becoming a promising route for the production of novel biodiesel.
DiEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate-based biodiesel which contains two ether groups have higher oxygen content.Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was found that the density, kinematic viscosity, smoke point, and cetane number of diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate-based biodiesel increased obviously compared with that of traditional biodiesel and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate-based biodiesel. Few reports about the solid base catalyst used in production of diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate-based biodiesel via diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate with fatty acid methyl ester has been revealed.
KF/CaO catalysts showed higher catalytic activity in the manufacture of biodiesel, but Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is not easy to separate . Activated carbon with a large surface area as supporter is widely used in the production of biodiesel for the dispersion of active sites effectively, and the surface characteristic of activated carbon does not change at high temperature or pressure (Naranjo et al. 2010;
Baroutian et al. 2010 Buasri et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013; Malins et al. 2015; Tao et al. 2015). Inspired by the previous reports, an effective and separable solid bases of active carbon supported KF/CaO was prepared by impregnation method, and tried to use as a catalyst in the transesterification of diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (DGME) and methyl laurate (ML) to produce diEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate monolaurate (DGMEML).
X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Hammett indicator and nitrogen physisorption-desorption were performed to characterize the structure of the catalysts, in an attempt to explain the correlation between structure and activity of the catalyst. In addition, the effect of mole ratio of KF to CaO and main reaction parameters on the yield of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was investigated. The catalyst showed an excellent catalytic activity, and could be easily to separate from the system.
A novel solid base catalyst of NaAlO2 modified with KF (x-KF/NaAlO2) was prepared using a wet-impregnation method and used for the synthesis of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate monolaurate (EGMEML) via transesterification of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGME) and methyl laurate (ML). The catalyst was characterized using the Hammett indicator method, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer.
The effect of the reaction parameters such as the amount of KF loading, molar ratio of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate to ML, dosage of the catalyst, reaction time and temperature on the yield ofEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateML was investigated. These characterizations led to a conclusion that the reaction between NaAlO2 and KF mainly generates fluoroaluminates, which act as the main active sites for the transesterification.
The catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity and good stability. The highest yield of 91% was obtained over 30%-KF/NaAlO2 at anEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate/ML molar ratio of 3.0, a catalyst amount of 5 wt%, and a reaction time of 4 h at 120 °C. A yield of 80% was obtained after use for three consecutive rounds without reactivation. Furthermore, a desirable yield of 88.0% of a novel biodiesel of ethylene glycol methyl ether soybean oil monoester was obtained with 30%-KF/NaAlO2 as a catalyst.
Moreover,Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was found that the reaction follows second-order kinetics, the activation energy (Ea) of the reaction of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate with ML equals 56.54 kJ mol−1, and the thermodynamic parameters of activation were evaluated based on an activation complex theory of the reaction, and the following data were obtained: ΔG‡ > 0, ΔH‡ > 0 and ΔS‡ < 0, indicating the unspontaneous and endergonic nature of the reaction ofEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate with ML.
A Koros–Nowak test was conducted and the results confirmed that the diffusion limitations did not affect the catalytic activity. Finally, a few of the physicochemical properties of theEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateML as biodiesel were determined, and the values were within those of European standards.
