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CAS: 526- 95-4
Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties. Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts. Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.
Synonyms:
gluconic acid; D-gluconic acid; 526-95-4; dextronic acid; maltonic acid; Glycogenic acid; Glosanto
gluconate; Pentahydroxycaproic acid; (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid; Gluconic acid, D-; D-Gluco-hexonic acid; Gluconic acid (VAN); D-Gluconsaeure; D-Glukonsaeure; UNII-R4R8J0Q44B; BRN 1726055; Glyconic acid; Hexonic acid; R4R8J0Q44B, CHEBI:33198; Dextronate; Glycogenate; Glyconate; Maltonate; MFCD00004240; 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid; 133-42-6
Gluconic Acid (contains Gluconolactone); NSC 77381; GCO; Gluconic acid, 50 wt% solution in water; HSDB 487; C6H12O7; 157663-13-3; 19222-41-4; EINECS 208-401-4; sodium-gluconate; ketogluconic acid; D-?Gluconic acid; Pentahydroxycaproate; D-Gluconic acid solution; DSSTox_CID_7169; SCHEMBL971; bmse000084; EC 208-401-4; DSSTox_RID_78332; DSSTox_GSID_27169; 4-03-00-01255 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); CHEMBL464345; D-Gluconic acid 50% in water; DTXSID8027169; DTXSID8042000; HY-Y0569; ZINC1531008; 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoate; Tox21_202745; s3595; SBB066208; AKOS015895892; Gluconic acid, 50% solution in water; D-Gluconic acid - 45-50% in water; DB13180; 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid; NCGC00260293-01; CAS-526-95-4; E574; CS-0015343; G0036; V2121; C00257; 128393-EP2270002A1; 128393-EP2295401A2; D-Gluconic acid solution, 49-53 wt. % in H2O; Q407569; W-109086; (3S,2R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid; D-Gluconic acid solution, SAJ first grade, 50% in H2O; 6E52B5FC-5676-4139-977A-4D643EDDB159
D-gluconic acid is a gluconic acid having D-configuration. It has a role as a chelator and a Penicillium metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a D-gluconate. It is an enantiomer of a L-gluconic acid.
Industry Uses
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Various types of soaps, car washes, grill and oven cleaners.
Water treatment seperation
chemical distribution
Consumer Uses
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Air care products
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Cleaning and furnishing care products
chemical distribution
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Custom compounding of purchased resin
Fabricated metal product manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing.
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open-chained form of glucose, terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
Gluconic acid is produced by oxidizing glucose. This can be accomplished in several ways:
• Via hydrogen peroxide[3]
• Via bromine[4]
• In a fermentation bath
Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.[7] As a food additive (E574[8]), it is now known as an acidity regulator.
The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides. It is also used in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid;[9][10] calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues, as well as to treat hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients.
Gluconate is also an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as "plasmalyte a", used for intravenous fluid resuscitation.[11] Quinine gluconate is a salt of gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.
Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.[12]
Ferrous gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.[13]
Gluconate is also used in building and construction as a concrete admixture (retarder) to slow down the cement hydration reactions, and to delay the cement setting time. It allows for a longer time to lay the concrete, or to spread the cement hydration heat over a longer period of time to avoid too high a temperature and the resulting cracking.[14][15] Retarders are mixed in to concrete when the weather temperature is high or to cast large and thick concrete slabs in successive and sufficiently well-mixed layers.
Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid, neither caustic nor corrosive and with an excellent sequestering power. Non-toxic and readily biodegradable (98 % after 2 days), it occurs naturally in plants, fruits and other foodstuffs such as wine (up to 0.25 %) and honey (up to 1 %). Gluconic acid is prepared by fermentation of glucose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced.
In all recipes where gluconic acid is used together with sodium hydroxide, we recommend the direct use of sodium gluconate, the dry sodium salt of gluconic acid or the special product NAGLUSOL®.
Gluconic acid has versatile properties through being a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid, with both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups which can react.
Concentrated solutions of gluconic acid contain some lactone (GdL), the neutral cyclic ester, which is less soluble in the cold and possesses no actual acid properties. About 5 % of GdL are present in the 50 % gluconic acid solution at room temperature.
The outstanding property of gluconic acid is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions. In this respect, it surpasses all other chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA and related compounds. Calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals are firmly chelated in alkaline solution and masked in such a way that their interferences are eliminated.
Gluconic acid is stable at the boiling point even of concentrated alkaline solutions. However, it is easily and totally degraded in waste water treatment plants (98 % after 2 days).
Properties
• Non-toxic
• Easily biodegradable (98 % after 2 days)
• Mild taste
• Least corrosive organic acid
Main functions
• Excellent chelating agent
Applications
Industrial Applications
• Agrochemicals, Fertilisers
• Fine Chemicals
• Metal Surface Treatment
• Textile, Leather
Beverages
• Carbonated Soft Drinks
• Instant Drinks, Syrups
• RTD Tea and Coffee
• Sports and Energy Drinks
• Waters
Food
• Confectionery
• Dairy
• Flavours
• Ready Meals, Instant Food
• Sauces, Dressings, Seasonings
Feed & Pet Food
• Feed
Personal Care
• Hair Care
• Oral Care
• Skin Care
• Soap and Bath Products
Cleaners & Detergents
• Industrial Cleaners
• Surface Care
Healthcare
• OTC, Food Supplements
Consumer Uses
This substance is used in the following products: coating products, adsorbents, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, plant protection products, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, water softeners and water treatment chemicals. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.
Widespread uses by professional workers
This substance is used in the following products: coating products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
This substance is used in the following areas: mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.
Formulation or re-packing
This substance is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, water softeners and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Uses at industrial sites
This substance is used in the following products: coating products, pH regulators and water treatment products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
This substance is used in the following areas: mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, manufacturing of the substance and formulation of mixtures.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
D-Gluconic acid is the oxidized form of D-glucose (or dextrose), one of the fundamental building blocks for sugars, polysaccharides, and cellulose. Like glucose, it cyclizes in solution, in this case to form an ester (glucono-δ-lactone) rather than a hemiacetal.
Gluconic acid widely exists in nature, especially in fruits and in sucrose-containing substances such as honey. Early methods of synthesizing gluconic acid from glucose included hypobromite oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis. Now it is commercially produced by using microbes such as Aspergillus niger to oxidize glucose enzymatically.
Gluconate, gluconic acid’s conjugate base, is useful as a metal-chelating agent in alkaline solutions. It is a component of many cleaning products; and it is used to prevent formation of solids in dairy processing and beer brewing.
More recently, gluconic acid has been investigated as a chelating agent for extracting rare earths (lanthanides) from the fertilizer waste phosphogypsum.1 An estimated 100,000 t per year of valuable lanthanides are discarded in this waste product worldwide.
Sulfuric acid is highly effective for recovering the rare earths, but a team led by Richard E. Riman of Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ) showed that gluconic acid and other bioacids are promising alternatives and would be considerably easier than sulfuric acid to treat for disposal.
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic acid (also known as gluconate) is an organic compound occurring widely in nature arising from the glucose oxidation. It is naturally found in fruit, honey and wine. It can also be used as a food additive to regulate acidity and a cleaning agent in alkaline solution. Its calcium salt, calcium gluconate can be used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid and avoid necrosis of deep tissues as well as treating the verapamil poisoning and hypocalcemia in hospitalized patient. Some salts of gluconate can also be used to treat malaria (quinidine gluconate) and anemia (ferrous gluconate). In microbiology, gluconate is a common carbon source that can be supplemented to the medium for cell growth.
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta hydroxy hexanoic acid.
In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
Chemical Properties
clear yellow to brownish-yellow solution
Chemical Properties
d-Gluconic acid is an acid sugar composed of white crystals with a milk-acidic taste. In aqueous solutions, it is in equilibrium with gamma- and delta-gluconolactones. It is prepared by enzymatic oxidation of glucose and strains of the microorganisms used to supply the enzyme action are nonpathogenic and nontoxicogenic to man or other animals. This substance is used as a component of bottle rinsing formulations, at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice.
Physical properties
The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
Occurrence
Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea, and wine. As a food additive ( E574 ), it is an acidity regulator. It is also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral deposits especially in alkaline solution. The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+,Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals. In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues. Quinine gluconate is a salt between gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria. Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs. Iron gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.
Uses
A chemical used in glycolytic pathway studies.
Uses
Gluconic Acid is an acidulant that is a mild organic acid which is the hydrolyzed form of glucono-delta-lactone. it is prepared by the fermentation of dextrose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced. it is soluble in water with a solubility of 100 g/100 ml at 20°c. it has a mild taste and at 1% has a ph of 2.8. it functions as an antioxidant and enhances the function of other antioxidants. in beverages, syrups, and wine, it can eliminate calcium turbidities. it is used as a leavening component in cake mixes, and as an acid component in dry-mix desserts and dry beverage mixes.
Definition
A soluble crystalline organic acid made by the oxidation of glucose (using specific molds). It is used in paint strippers.
Definition
gluconic acid: An opticallyactive hydroxycarboxylic acid,CH2(OH)(CHOH)4COOH. It is the carboxylicacid corresponding to the aldosesugar glucose, and can be madeby the action of certain moulds.
How is Gluconic Acid made?
Generally, gluconic acid is produced by oxidation of D-glucose (derived from starch hydrolysis) with different manufacturing processes (3):
Bromine water
Microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger and Acetobactor suboxydans (4)
Enzymes derived from microorganisms
What are Gluconates?
Gluconates usually refer to the salts of gluconic acid that are commonly made from the reaction between gluconic acid and the corresponding metal carbonate salts. The following are six common types of gluconates and their uses/functions in food:
Calcium gluconate: functions as a firming agent, formulation aid, sequestrant, stabilizer or thickener and texturizer that can be used in baked goods, dairy products, gelatins, puddings and sugar substitutes. (5)
Sodium gluconate: a sequestrant (6). Learn more about this ingredient
Copper gluconate: works as a nutrient supplement and a synergist, may be used in infant formula. (7)
Ferrous gluconate: a nutrient supplement that may be used in infant formula (8), also can be acted as a food color (9). Learn more about this ingredient
Manganese gluconate: a nutrient supplement that can be used in baked goods, dairy and meat products, poultry products, and infant formulas. (10)
Zinc gluconate: nutrient. (11)
What are the Health Benefits of Gluconic Acid?
Urinary stones prevention: an early study showed that it can prevent urinary stones. (12)
Intestinal microflora activity promotion: a study in piglets exhibited that gluconic acid had a positive effect on the intestinal microflora and may improve piglets growth.
Its food grade is commonly 50% solution in water with colourless to light yellow color, and contains about 5% glucono delta-lactone at room temperature. As in aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in a stable equilibrium with the cyclic ester – GDL (glucono delta-lactone).
Food
The following food may contain with gluconic acid:
Bakery goods: as a leavening acid in leavening agent to increase dough volume by producing gas by the reaction with baking soda.
Dairy products: as a chelating agent and prevent milkstone.
Some food and beverage: as an acidity regulator to impart a mild organic acid and adjust pH level and also as a preservative and an antifungal agent. Also, it can be used to clean aluminium cans.
Animal Nutrition
Gluconic acid functions as a weak acid in piglet feed, poultry feed and aquaculture to comfort digestive and promote growth, also to increase the production of butyric acid and SCFA (Short-chain fatty acid).
Cosmetics
It can be used as a chelating and perfuming agent in cosmetic and personal care products. (17)
Industrial uses
The power of chelating heavy metals is stronger than that of EDTA, such as the chelation of calcium, iron, copper, and aluminium in alkaline conditions. This property can be utilized in detergents, electroplating, textiles and so on.
Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reaction. The reaction is facilitated by the enzyme glucose oxidase (fungi) and glucose dehydrogenase (bacteria such as Gluconobacter). Microbial production of gluconic acid is the preferred method and it dates back to several decades. The most studied and widely used fermentation process involves the fungus Aspergillus niger. Gluconic acid and its derivatives, the principal being sodium gluconate, have wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. This article gives a review of microbial gluconic acid production, its properties and applications.
D-Gluconic acid is a water-soluble organic acid that belongs to the hydroxycarboxylic acid family. DGluconic acid is an oxidation product of glucose that occurs widely in nature, and is present in fruit, wine, honey, and other natural sources. The chemical structure of D-gluconic acid of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl (-OH) groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group. The close proximity of the oxygen atoms within the chemical structure lends to its function as a highly efficient chelating agent. Chelating agents bind to positively charged metal ions in solution and thereby prevent them from forming insoluble precipitates with other ions that may be present. D-Gluconic acid functions as a chelating agent over a wide pH range. It is efficient in forming stable chelates with divalent and trivalent metal ions such as calcium, copper, iron, aluminum, and other metals, reducing the adverse effects these metals can have on systems. D-Gluconic acid also acts as a humectant, which means that it attracts water and increases hydration in products. D-Gluconic acid is used as a high performing chelating agent, processing aid, and humectant in a variety of applications and product sectors. Section 5 includes conditions of use for this chemical.
D-Gluconic acid, or (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid (C6H12O7, also named dextronic acid), is the C1-oxidized form of D-glucose (or dextrose), where the aldehyde group has become oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid. It can also be obtained through the hydrolysis of D-gluconolactone.
D-Gluconic acid, as a weak acid, can be used to dissolve combinations of polyvalent cations (oxides, hydroxides or carbonates) without attacking metallic or non-metallic surfaces, forming water-soluble complexes with the cations.9 Therefore, D-gluconic acid is extremely useful for removing calcareous and rust layers from copper, aluminum and other metal surfaces. These include beer and milk flakes on galvanized iron, oxide coatings from metal alloys or stainless steel, and the safe removal of paint and varnish without damaging the underlying surfaces.9 Conversely, sodium gluconate is present in many commercial cleansers due to its high stability to hydrolysis under extreme conditions (high temperature and pH values) as well as its sequestering properties for hardening agents in water. Although preferred for metal components, gluconate solutions are used in some food processing plants as cleaning agents, mainly for glassware, as it helps prevent scale formation.6 For example, the dairy industry uses solutions of D-gluconic acid derivatives to prevent the precipitation of calcium salts in their equipment and glass storage containers.11 Alkaline sodium gluconate solutions, when applied at 95 °C to 100 °C, are excellent agents for the effective removal of paint and varnish without affecting underlying surfaces. Gluconate has also been applied for the pretreatment of certain surfaces in metallurgy, replacing the highly toxic cyanide ion. Finally, the bakery industry uses δ-gluconolactone to diminish the absorption of fatty compounds.
D-Gluconic acid combined with magnesium salts is used in the textile industry as a stabilizer for peroxide bleach baths, while gluconate (sometimes mixed with polyphosphates) is employed for finishing natural cellulose fibers and desizing polyester or polyamide fabrics. Mixtures of gelatin and sodium gluconate are employed as sizing agents in the paper industry in order to obtain products displaying increased acid resistance.9
Sodium gluconate (0.02–0.2 wt%) is used as a highly effective agent for retarding the curing process of concrete. In fact, using this additive, a very homogeneous concrete is obtained, displaying high resistance to water, frost and cracking as well as better stability upon setting. Additionally, sodium gluconate improves the flow properties of wet concrete mixtures.8,9
However, the main applications of D-gluconic acid (E574) and its derivatives are as additives in the food industry. In 1986, δ-gluconolactone (E575) and sodium gluconate (E576) were granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration), authorizing their unlimited use as food ingredients. On the other hand, the United Nations agencies Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) have also regulated the use of these food additives, including E577 (potassium gluconate), E578 (calcium gluconate), E579 (ferrous gluconate) and E580 (magnesium gluconate). For a detailed description of these additives, please see the review from Cañete-Rodríguez et al.11 Low concentrations of D-gluconic acid, ranging from 0.02% to 0.1%, promote sucrose inversion without triggering the resulting fructose to undergo any further reaction. Usually, trace elements are administered as gluconate salts because of their rapid absorption and broad tolerance. D-Gluconic acid improves the organoleptic properties of food products, conferring a fresh and less bitter taste. In fruit juices, it prevents clouding by binding some metals (calcium or iron, mainly) present at trace levels.11 These additives are extensively used in meat, dairy products and baked goods and as an ingredient of leavening agents for pre-leavened products. In sherbets, D-gluconic acid is used as a flavoring agent, while it can also be employed to reduce fat absorption in doughnuts or cones. Furthermore, δ-gluconolactone is present in tofu, yogurt, cottage cheese, bread, meat, confectionery and pickling foods.6 The lactone is generally preferred in cases where acidic conditions are required over a long period of time. Recently, the effects of D-gluconic acid and its derivatives as prebiotics, as well as their anti-oxidant properties, have been investigated, with promising results.11 Finally, it must be remarked that the pharmaceutical industry uses gluconate salts (Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+) as supplements to treat hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and anemia, respectively.
IUPAC
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
D(-)pentahydroxycaproic acid
D-GLUCONIC ACID
D-Gluconic acid
D-gluconic acid
D-gluconic acid/EC 208-401-4
Gluconic Acid
gluconic acid
Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid 50% solution
Gluconic Acid, 50% wt
Gluconic acid- DOW BENELUX B.V.
Gluconsäure-D-
Ácido 2,3,4,5,6-pentahidroxihexanóico
TRADE
Naglusol
