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Glycine is used in the treatment of stroke, schizophrenia, benign prostatic hyperplasia along with some other rare inherited metabolic disorders.
Glycine is a part of daily foods, such as protein-rich foods that include fish, meat, dairy products, legumes etc.
Glycine is also involved in the production of proteins that are needed by the immune system and helps make other amino acids, including the genetic material of the body— RNA and DNA.
CAS Number: 56-40-6
6000-43-7 (HCl salt)
EC Number: 200-272-2
227-841-8
MDL number: MFCD00008131
E number: E640 (flavour enhancer)
Linear Formula: NH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
SYNONYMS:
EC 200-272-2, aminoacetate, Athenon, 2-aminoacetate, Glycine (USP), NCGC00024503-01, Glycinum (INN-Latin), Glicina (INN-Spanish), GLYCINE (II), GLYCINE [II], GLYCINE (MART.), GLYCINE [MART.], Glycine, free base, GLYCINE (USP-RS), GLYCINE [USP-RS], GLYCINE (EP MONOGRAPH), GLYCINE [EP MONOGRAPH], GLYCINE (USP MONOGRAPH), GLYCINE [USP MONOGRAPH], Acide aminoacetique (INN-French), Acido aminoacetico (INN-Spanish), Acidum aminoaceticum (INN-Latin), CAS-56-40-6, Glycine, labeled with carbon-14, AMINOACETIC ACID 1.5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, Aminoessigsaure, Aminoethanoate, 18875-39-3, amino-Acetate, 2-aminoaceticacid, [3H]glycine, Glycine USP grade, Glycine, EP/USP, H-Gly, L-Gly, Gly-CO, Gly-OH, L-Glycine,(S), [14C]-glycine, Corilin (Salt/Mix), Tocris-0219, Glycine (H-Gly-OH), GLYCINE [VANDF], NH2CH2COOH, GLYCINE [FHFI], GLYCINE [HSDB], Glycine, >=99%, GLYCINE [FCC], GLYCINE [JAN], GLYCINE [MI], Glycine (JP18/USP), Glycine, 99%, FCC, GLYCINE [WHO-DD], Biomol-NT_000195, bmse000089, bmse000977, WLN: Z1VQ, Gly-253, GLYCINE [GREEN BOOK], GTPL727, AB-131/40217813, GLYCINE [ORANGE BOOK], Treating Gingivitis Toothpaste, Glycine, Electrophoresis Grade, BPBio1_001222, GTPL4084, GTPL4635, Repair Cracked Teeth Toothpaste, GLYCINE-1-13C-15N, BDBM18133, AZD4282, Glycine, >=99.0% (NT), Glycine, 98.5-101.5%, Pharmakon1600-01300021, Glycine 1000 microg/mL in Water, 2-Aminoacetic acid;Aminoacetic acid, BCP25965, CS-B1641, HY-Y0966, Glycine, ACS reagent, >=98.5%, Tox21_113575, Glycine, 99%, natural, FCC, FG, HB0299, NSC760120, s4821, STL194276, Glycine, purum, >=98.5% (NT), Glycine, tested according to Ph.Eur., AKOS000119626, Glycine, for electrophoresis, >=99%, Tox21_113575_1, 1ST1408, CAREDO Treating Gingivitis Toothpastes, CCG-266010, DB00145, NSC-760120, Glycine - Absolute carbon isotope ratio, Glycine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), Glycine, BioXtra, >=99% (titration), SERINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], CAREDO Repair Cracked Teeth Toothpastes, Glycine, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, NCGC00024503-02, NCGC00024503-03, BP-31024, Glycine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, CAREDO Treating Gingivitis Toothpastes100g, DB-029870, G0099, G0317, Glycine, ReagentPlus(R), >=99% (HPLC), NS00001575, CAREDO Repair Cracked Teeth Toothpastes100g, EN300-19731, C00037, C22407, D00011, D70890, M03001, L001246, Q620730, SR-01000597729, C-Terminal [mycofactocin precursor peptide]-glycine, Glycine, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Q-201300, SR-01000597729-1, BRD-K72369578-001-04-1, Q27115084, B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65, F2191-0197, Glycine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Z955123660, Glycine, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (NT), InChI=1/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5, Glycine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Glycine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Glycine, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-101% (based on anhydrous substance), glycine, aminoacetic acid, glycocoll, aminoethanoic acid, glycolixir, glycosthene, aciport, glicoamin, padil, hampshire glycine, Padil, Gly, Glicina, Glycocoll, Glyzin, Phosphate, Glycine, Glycosthene, Glycolixir, Glicoamin, Gyn-Hydralin, Glycinum, Hampshire Glycine, Acid, Aminoacetic, Glykokoll, Hgly, Aciport, Sucre De Gelatine, Leimzucker, Acido Aminoacetico, Acidum Aminoaceticum, Glycine, Non-Medical, Aminoazijnzuur, Non-Medical Glycine, Acide Aminoacetique, Aminoessigsaeure, Acetic acid, amino-, Aciport, Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glicoamin, Glycocoll, Glycolixir, Glycosthene, Padil, NH2CH2COOH, Amitone, Glycine, non-medical, Hampshire glycine, Athenon, Gly, Glycine, free base, Gyn-hydralin, 2-Aminoacetic acid, NSC 25936, Corilin (Salt/Mix), Acetic acid, amino-, Aciport, Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glicoamin, Glycocoll, Glycolixir, Glycosthene, Padil, NH2CH2COOH, Amitone, Glycine, non-medical, Hampshire glycine, Athenon, Gly, Glycine, free base, Gyn-hydralin, 2-Aminoacetic acid, NSC 25936, Corilin (Salt/Mix), Aminoethanoic acid, Aminoacetic acid, Glycocoll,
Glycine (symbol Gly or G; /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/ ⓘ) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycine is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable).
Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.
Glycine is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).
Glycine is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to the "flexibility" caused by such a small R group.
Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter – interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.
Glycine is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycine can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.
Glycine is one of the simplest kinds of amino acids occurring in nature.
Amino acids are the essential components for all metabolic activities and life processes of human beings.
Glycine was isolated in the year 1820 from a substance called gelatin.
Later Glycine was discovered by a French chemist and pharmacist named Henri Braconnot.
He obtained Glycine by boiling the gelatinous material with sulphuric acid.
Glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids, and unlike the other amino acids, it does not have a significant side chain, allowing it to act as a flexible link for specific proteins by connecting protein domains together.
This makes glycine a common feature in amino acid motifs at protein active sites.
Glycine's prominence in protein structure explains why it represents 11.5% of total amino acid content in the human body.
Glycine biosynthesis can take place through three pathways.
The first occurs via the amino acid serine, which is produced from D-3-phosphoglycerate, a glycolysis intermediate.
Glycine can also be produced from threonine with threonine dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate lyase.
Oxidative degradation also helps synthesize glycine from choline.
Finally, glycine can be produced from glyoxylate through transamination with alanine.
Glycine metabolism also occurs through three distinctive mechanisms.
First, it can be metabolized through the glycine cleavage system, a complex enzyme system that conducts the reversible reaction at the last step of producing glycine from serine.
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, the enzyme that catalyzes glycine synthesis from serine, also catalyzes serine formation from glycine.
Finally, D-amino acid oxidases can convert glycine into glyoxylate.
Although humans can synthesize glycine, we still require dietary supplementation (usually from meat and dairy products) to support normal bodily functions, making it one of the conditionally essential amino acids.
Glycine is absorbed in the small intestine and enters the circulation, from whence it can provide a range of benefits.
Glycine is an amino acid that plays a range of important roles throughout the body, including in the immune system, digestion, bones and joints, and the nervous system.
Glycine is also sold as a dietary supplement, marketed as a treatment for sleep problems like insomnia.
Glycine is one of the main amino acids that form the protein collagen, a component of skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments.
Glycine is an amino acid and neurotransmitter.
Glycine can play both stimulatory and depressant roles in the brain.
Glycine can improve sleep quality.
Glycine is an amino acid with a number of important functions in the body.
Glycine acts as a neurotransmitter, a component of collagen, and as a precursor to various biomolecules (e.g., creatine, heme), among other roles.
Glycine is often considered conditionally essential, meaning it can usually be produced in the body in sufficient amounts.
However, in certain contexts (e.g., pregnancy) more glycine may be needed from the diet.
Glycine is found in most protein sources, meaning common sources of glycine include meat, eggs, soybeans, lentils, and dairy products.
Like all amino acids, glycine is used in the composition of proteins such as collagen, a protein that strengthens the skin, ligaments and cartilage.
Between a quarter and a third of the amino acids in collagen are glycine-type amino acids.
Glycine also acts as a precursor of glutathione.
Glutathione is involved in maintaining the balance of oxidation-reduction (redox potential) and allows electron exchanges.
In addition, its antioxidant properties enable Glycine to neutralise free radicals that damage cells, thus protecting our body.
In addition, glycine is a precursor of creatine (an amino acid derivative present in the brain and muscle fibres) and acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter).
Glycine is an amino acid, a compound that your body uses to create protein.
While your body does naturally produce glycine, it is also available through protein-rich foods, particularly meat.
Glycine can also be found as a dietary supplement in capsule form or as a powder that can be added to various dishes.
You can also find glycine in collagen supplements, where it is the primary amino acid.
This method actually may help your body absorb the glycine.
When glycine is bound to other amino acids, such as in collagen, it has to compete for absorption less.
Glycine is an amino acid.
The body can make glycine on its own, but it is also consumed in the diet.
Sources include meat, fish, dairy, and legumes.
Glycine is a building block for making proteins in the body.
Glycine is also involved in transmitting chemical signals in the brain, so there's interest in using it for schizophrenia and improving memory.
A typical diet contains about 2 grams of glycine daily.
People use glycine for schizophrenia, stroke, memory and thinking skills, insomnia, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
Glycine is one of the many amino acids that benefit your body in many ways.
Glycine stimulates the production of the "feel-good" hormone serotonin, plays a role in nerve signal transmission, and helps clear toxins from the body.
Glycine is also the key component of collagen, which gives structure to bones, skin, muscles, and connective tissues.
Glycine may also benefit mood, memory, sleep, stroke recovery, and heart disease.
Unlike some amino acids that must be obtained solely through foods, the body can produce glycine.
Glycine is also available in supplement form.
Glycine is an amino acid that serves as a building block for specific proteins, including collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissues.
Collagen is found in:
*Skin
*Ligaments
*Muscles
*Bones
*Cartilage
Glycine makes up around 33% of the collagen in the human body.
USES and APPLICATIONS of GLYCINE:
Glycine is a part of daily foods, such as protein-rich foods that include fish, meat, dairy products, legumes etc.
Glycine is used in the treatment of stroke, schizophrenia, benign prostatic hyperplasia along with some other rare inherited metabolic disorders.
This crystalline solid is also used as a sweetener or a taste enhancer.
Some food supplements and various protein-containing drinks have glycine.
Certain formulations of the drug include glycine, which helps in improving gastric absorption.
This acts as a buffering agent in analgesics, antacids, antiperspirants, cosmetics, toiletries, etc.
Glycine acts as an intermediate in the process of manufacturing different chemical products and is also used in manufacturing herbicide glyphosate.
Glycine is also involved in the production of proteins that are needed by the immune system and helps make other amino acids, including the genetic material of the body— RNA and DNA.
In the brain, glycine works as a neurotransmitter, affecting how chemical signals are sent in the body.
Glycine also plays an important role in breaking down and using fat and fat-soluble vitamins after they are consumed.
Overall, glycine is essential for maintaining body structures, growth, and metabolism.
Glycine is commonly found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, beans, peas, lentils, and dairy.
Improved Sleep: Some research suggests that glycine supplements may improve sleep in people with insomnia.
Reduced Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Researchers have looked at how glycine might treat schizophrenia, a mental illness that causes delusions, hallucinations, and unusual behavior.
Glycine also helps regulate nerve impulses in the central nervous system.
This system affects the spinal cord and the brain.
Glycine also binds to toxins so that the body can clear them.
In addition to the glycine already produced by the body, you can also take glycine supplements.
Most current research has focused on glycine's role in sleep, mood, stroke, and heart disease.
-Improved Mood and Memory uses of Glycine :
Glycine stimulates the production of serotonin, the "feel-good" hormone that helps elevate mood, improve sleep, and enhance memory and thinking.
Studies on rodents have demonstrated that glycine supplementation increases serotonin levels.
Due to these effects, some people tout glycine supplements as "natural antidepressants."
-Lowered the Risk of Ischemic Stroke:
Healthcare providers sometimes prescribe glycine to people who have just had an ischemic stroke.
Ischemic strokes occur when the arteries to the brain become narrowed or blocked, causing blood flow restriction (ischemia) in the brain.
The evidence supporting the use of glycine for this is mixed.
A study in 2020 concluded that glycine improved ischemic stroke by regulating glucose metabolism, inflammatory response, and the shedding of damaged cells.
However, a 2015 population study from Japan looked at glycine and stroke mortality in 29,079 Japanese adults.
According to the survey, a high-glycine diet raised the systolic blood pressure (the higher number in a blood pressure reading) to such a degree in men that it increased the risk of death from stroke.
The same was not seen in women.
-Reduced Risk of Heart Disease:
Glycine is anti-inflammatory and antioxidative (meaning it prevents or slows cell damage), which are properties that reduce heart disease risk.
Therefore, some researchers have looked at the connection between glycine and heart disease.
-Uses of Glycine:
In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia ("USP"), and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine.
If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade glycine can be used.
Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.
-Animal and human foods uses of Glycine:
Glycine is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead, glycine's role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Glycine is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.
Glycine also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
As of 1971, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration "no longer regards glycine and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food", and only permits food uses of glycine in certain conditions.
Glycine has been researched for its potential to extend life.
The proposed mechanisms of this effect are Glycine's ability to clear methionine from the body, and activating autophagy.
Chemical feedstock uses of Glycine_
Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycine is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Glycine is used as an intermediate of antibiotics such as thiamphenicol.
-Laboratory research uses of Glycine:
Glycine is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis.
Glycine serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.
Glycine is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.
This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.
-Improved Glutathione Synthesis
Glutathione is an antioxidant found in every cell in the body.
It's made in the liver and has many important roles including regenerating Vitamins E and C, helping certain enzymes function and supporting the immune system.
Research has shown it can slow cancer progression and reduce cell damage caused by other diseases.
One of the amino acids needed to produce glutathione is glycine.
The role of supplemental glycine in supporting glutathione synthesis has been studied extensively.
Results show Glycine can increase the level of cellular glutathione, especially in those who consume diets relatively low in protein.
Additionally, as these levels decline naturally with age, glycine supplementation would have numerous benefits in the elderly population.
-Other uses of Glycine:
In addition to the potential health benefits listed above, some people use glycine to support:
Enlarged prostate
Leg ulcers
Liver damage especially alcohol-induced
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Enhance muscle protein mass
STRUCTURE OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is one among the list of 20 amino acids, which are important to human life.
Glycine has a chemical formula C2H5NO2.
Glycine is the smallest of all the amino acids and consists of a side chain along with a hydrogen molecule as shown in the figure below.
PROPERTIES OF GLYCINE:
Glycine exhibits various characteristic features as given below-
Glycine is highly soluble in water and is said to be a polar molecule.
Glycine appears as a colourless crystalline solid having a sweet taste.
Glycine is said to be hydrophilic in nature due to the minimal side chain having one hydrogen atom.
This acts as a buffer solution at a pH of 6.00 due to Glycine's acidic nature
Glycine helps in the building up of proteins in the body and when mixed with carbohydrates, it improves lean growth and provides good recovery.
Glycine is one among the lists of non-essential amino acids present in mammals.
They can also be synthesised from amino acids, such as threonine and serine and also from other sources.
They do not require any kind of dietary sources.
PRESENCE IN SPACE, GLYCINE:
The presence of glycine outside the Earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to Earth.
Glycine had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.
The discovery of glycine in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so-called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of glycine within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.
The detection of glycine outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.
HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF GLYCINE:
Glycine was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called it "sugar of gelatin", but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that Glycine contained nitrogen.
In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll"; however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid.
PRODUCTION OF GLYCINE:
Although glycine can be isolated from hydrolyzed proteins, this route is not used for industrial production, as it can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis.
The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving glycine and hydrochloric acid, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan.
About 15 thousand tonnes are produced annually in this way.
Glycine is also co-generated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia co-product.
EVOLUTION OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in glycine.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF GLYCINE:
Glycine's acid–base properties are most important.
In aqueous solution, Glycine is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about pH 9.6, Glycine converts to glycinate.
Glycine functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.
A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.
With acid chlorides, glycine converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylglycine.
With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination).
With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product:
H3N+CH2COO− + 3 CH3I → (CH3)3N+CH2COO− + 3 HI
Glycine condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine:
2 H3N+CH2COO− → H3N+CH2CONHCH2COO− + H2O
Pyrolysis of glycine or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.
Glycine forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, such as glycine methyl ester hydrochloride.
Otherwise, the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.
As a bifunctional molecule, glycine reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.
METABOLISM OF GLYCINE:
Biosynthesis
Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate.
In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:
serine + tetrahydrofolate → glycine + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O
In E. coli, glycine is sensitive to antibiotics that target folate.
In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme).
This conversion is readily reversible:
CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ⇌ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+
In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.
DEGRADATION OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway mentioned above.
In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the glycine cleavage system:
Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ⇌ CO2 + NH+
4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+
In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps.
The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.
In the third pathway of its degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.
Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.
In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF GLYCINE:
The principal function of glycine is it acts as a precursor to proteins.
Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% glycine due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.
In the genetic code, glycine is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.
*As a biosynthetic intermediate
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.
*As a neurotransmitter
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.
Glycine is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors.
In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors which are excitatory.
*As a toxin conjugation agent
Glycine conjugation pathway has not been fully investigated.
Glycine is thought to be a hepatic detoxifier of a number endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids.
Bile acids are normally conjugated to glycine in order to increase their solubility in water.
The human body rapidly clears sodium benzoate by combining it with glycine to form hippuric acid which is then excreted.
The metabolic pathway for this begins with the conversion of benzoate by butyrate-CoA ligase into an intermediate product, benzoyl-CoA, which is then metabolized by glycine N-acyltransferase into hippuric acid
HEALTH BENEFITS OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is an amino acid that the body naturally produces and uses to create protein.
You can also get glycine by eating protein-rich foods or taking it as a dietary supplement.
Glycine plays a key role in multiple functions of the body, acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compound, immune system modulator, and more.
Research suggests Glycine may have numerous health benefits, including supporting treatment for certain health conditions and enhancing sleep quality.
*Helps Improve Sleep
Supplementing with glycine may help improve the quality of sleep—particularly in people who experience sleep issues or sleep disorders like insomnia.
Glycine may help promote healthy sleep because it helps lower your core body temperature, which signals the body to fall and stay asleep.
For example, one study found taking 3 grams (g) of glycine before bedtime improved sleep quality in people with sleep complaints.
The participants also reported feeling less tired and fatigued the next day than usual.
Other research showed that taking glycine in combination with other supplements—like magnesium, tryptophan, and L-theanine—increased total sleep time and reduced morning sleepiness.
*Protects Heart Health
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of glycine make the amino acid helpful for preventing cell damage and inflammation—which can help reduce heart disease risk.
Evidence suggests glycine may help prevent the arteries from hardening and narrowing.
Other research has found glycine may also support how the body uses nitric oxide, a compound that helps increase blood flow and lower blood pressure.
One study investigated a potential link between glycine levels and heart attack.
It found that people with higher glycine levels in blood plasma (the liquid portion of blood) had a lower risk for heart attack and a better blood cholesterol risk profile.
While these results are promising, additional scientific evidence is needed before glycine can be broadly recommended as a heart health supplement.
*Supports Diabetes Management
People with type 2 diabetes can't produce enough or respond effectively to insulin, a hormone in the body that’s meant to regulate blood sugar levels.
Initial research shows that glycine can help improve insulin sensitivity—how the body responds to insulin.
Glycine may also help facilitate the body's use of glucose (glucose) for fuel rather than storing it as fat cells, ultimately helping reduce blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.
However, there is not yet enough research for experts to officially recommend glycine supplementation for people with type 2 diabetes. It’s best to follow your healthcare provider’s treatment plan to manage insulin resistance.
*Potentially Supports Schizophrenia Treatment
Some studies suggest glycine supplementation can support treatment for schizophrenia—a brain disorder that can cause symptoms like hallucinations and social withdrawal.
Some research has shown that taking glycine with certain antipsychotic medications can improve symptoms of schizophrenia, including social withdrawal and apathy.
However, the research found that glycine doesn't appear to improve positive schizophrenia symptoms, like hallucinations and delusions.
If you have schizophrenia or another health condition, always check with a healthcare provider before stopping, adjusting, or adding to your medication protocol.
*May Help Improve Cognitive Function
Supplementing with glycine may help support cognitive function and short-term memory in some people.
Older research suggests taking glycine helped certain aspects of memory in people who were experiencing age-related memory decline.
A few smaller studies in adults at risk for developing a mental health disorder reported improved cognitive performance and memory in participants who took a small dose of glycine once or twice daily for 24 weeks.
Much more research is needed to confirm and expand upon these findings.
TOP 9 BENEFITS AND USES OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is an amino acid that helps build proteins needed for tissue and hormone maintenance.
More glycine may help support heart and liver health, improve sleep, reduce diabetes risk, and reduce muscle loss.
Your body naturally produces glycine from other amino acids, but it’s also found in protein-rich foods and available as a dietary supplement.
Along with being a component of protein, glycine has several other impressive health benefits.
Here are the top 9 health benefits and uses of glycine.
1. Needed to Produce a Powerful Antioxidant
Glycine is one of three amino acids that your body uses to make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect your cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are thought to underlie many diseases.
Without enough glycine, your body produces less glutathione, which could negatively affect how your body handles oxidative stress over time.
In addition, because glutathione levels naturally decline with age, ensuring that you get enough glycine as you get older may benefit your health.
Summary Glycine
helps your body make glutathione, an important antioxidant that protects your body against cell damage.
2. A Component of Creatine
Glycine is also one of three amino acids that your body uses to make a compound called creatine.
Creatine provides your muscles with energy to perform quick, short bursts of activity, such as weightlifting and sprinting.
When combined with resistance training, supplementing with creatine has been shown to increase muscle size, strength and power.
Glycine has also been studied for its beneficial effects on bone health, brain function and neurological conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.
While your body naturally creates creatine and it can be obtained through your diet, getting too little glycine may reduce how much you produce.
Summary Glycine
Glycine is a component of creatine, a compound that provides your muscles with energy and has been associated with other health benefits, such as improved bone health and brain function.
3. The Main Amino Acid in Collagen
Collagen is a structural protein that contains high amounts of glycine. In fact, every third to fourth amino acid in collagen is glycine.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body.
It provides strength for your muscles, skin, cartilage, blood, bones and ligaments.
Supplementing with collagen has been shown to benefit skin health, relieve joint pain and prevent bone loss.
Therefore, it’s important that you get enough glycine to support your body’s production of collagen.
Summary Glycine
Glycine is the most abundant amino acid in collagen, a structural protein that has several health benefits, including for your skin, joints and bones.
4. May Improve Sleep Quality
Many people struggle to get a good night’s rest, either because they have trouble falling or staying asleep.
While there are several ways you can improve your sleep quality, such as not drinking caffeinated beverages late in the day or avoiding bright screens a few hours before bedtime, glycine may also help.
This amino acid has a calming effect on your brain and could help you fall and stay asleep by lowering your core body temperature.
Research in people with sleep issues has shown that taking 3 grams of glycine before bed decreases how long it takes to fall asleep, enhances sleep quality, lessens daytime sleepiness and improves cognition.
For this reason, glycine may be a good alternative to prescription sleeping pills for improving sleep quality at night and tiredness during the day.
Summary Glycine
Glycine may promote sleep and enhance the quality of your sleep through its calming effects on the brain and its ability to lower core body temperature.
5. May Protect Your Liver From Alcohol-Induced Damage
Too much alcohol can have damaging effects on your body, especially your liver.
There are three primary types of alcohol-induced liver damage:
Fatty liver: A buildup of fat inside your liver, increasing its size.
Alcoholic hepatitis: Caused by inflammation of the liver resulting from long-term, excessive drinking.
Alcoholic cirrhosis: The final phase of alcoholic liver disease, occurring when the liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue.
Interestingly, research suggests that glycine may reduce the harmful effects of alcohol on your liver by preventing inflammation.
While moderate alcohol-induced liver damage can be reversed by abstaining from alcohol, glycine may improve the recovery process.
6. May Protect Your Heart
Increasing evidence suggests that glycine offers protection against heart disease.
Glycine prevents the accumulation of a compound that, in high amounts, has been linked to atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
This amino acid may also improve your body’s ability to use nitric oxide, an important molecule that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.
In an observational study in over 4,100 people with chest pains, higher levels of glycine were associated with a lower risk of heart disease and heart attacks at a 7.4-year follow-up.
After accounting for cholesterol-lowering medications, the researchers also observed a more favorable blood cholesterol profile in people who had higher glycine levels.
Eating and drinking too much added sugar can raise blood pressure, increase levels of fat in your blood and promote dangerous fat gain around the belly — all of which can promote heart disease.
While encouraging, clinical studies on the effects of glycine on heart disease risk in humans are needed before it can be recommended.
Summary Glycine
may lower heart disease risk factors by preventing the build-up of a molecule associated with heart disease and by increasing your body’s ability to use nitric oxide.
7. May Aid People With Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes may lead to low levels of glycine.
It’s a condition characterized by impaired insulin secretion and action, meaning your body doesn’t produce enough insulin or that it doesn’t respond properly to the insulin it makes.
Insulin decreases your blood sugar levels by signaling its uptake into cells for energy or storage.
Interestingly, because glycine has been shown to increase insulin response in people without diabetes, it’s suggested that glycine supplements may improve impaired insulin response in people with type 2 diabetes.
Higher levels of glycine are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, even after accounting for other factors that are associated with the condition, such as lifestyle.
Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from supplementing with glycine, though research is too preliminary to make any specific recommendations.
If you have type 2 diabetes, the best way to reduce your insulin resistance is through weight loss by means of diet and exercise.
Summary Supplementing
with glycine may improve impaired insulin action, a hallmark of type 2
diabetes.
However, research to make any specific recommendations for its use in people with the condition is insufficient.
8. May Protect Against Muscle Loss
Glycine may reduce muscle wasting, a condition that occurs with aging, malnutrition and when your body is under stress, such as with cancer or severe burns.
Muscle wasting leads to a harmful reduction in muscle mass and strength, which declines functional status and can complicate other potentially present diseases.
The amino acid leucine has been studied as a treatment for muscle wasting, as it strongly inhibits muscle breakdown and enhances muscle building.
However, several changes in the body during muscle-wasting conditions impair the effectiveness of leucine for stimulating muscle growth.
Interestingly, in mice with muscle wasting conditions, such as cancer, research has shown that glycine was able to stimulate muscle growth whereas leucine was not.
Therefore, glycine holds promise for improving health by protecting muscles from wasting during various wasting conditions.
Still, more research in humans is needed.
Summary Glycine
may preserve muscle mass in wasting conditions, such as cancer, malnutrition
and burns, though more research in humans is needed.
9. Easy to Add to Your Diet
Glycine is found in varying amounts in meat, especially in tough cuts like the chuck, round and brisket.
You can also get glycine from gelatin, a substance made from collagen that’s added to various food products to improve consistency.
Other and more practical ways to increase your intake of glycine include:
ADD GLYCINE TO FOODS AND DRINKS:
Glycine is readily available as a dietary supplement in capsule or powder form.
If you don’t like taking pills, the powder form dissolves easily in water and has a sweet taste.
In fact, the name glycine is derived from the Greek word for “sweet.”
Due to its sweet taste, you can easily incorporate glycine powder into your diet by adding it to:
*Coffee and tea
*Soups
*Oatmeal
*Protein shakes
*Yogurt
*Pudding
*Take Collagen Supplements
Glycine is the main amino acid in collagen, the main structural protein of connective tissue, such as bone, skin, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
Accordingly, you can boost your glycine intake by taking collagen protein supplements.
This is likely more efficient, as glycine competes with other amino acids for absorption and is therefore absorbed less efficiently by itself than when it’s bound to other amino acids, as in the case of collagen.
IS GLYCINE SAFE?
Supplementing with glycine is safe in appropriate amounts.
Studies have used up to 90 grams of glycine per day over several weeks without serious side effects.
For comparison, the standard dose of Glycine used in studies is about 3–5 grams per day.
SUMMARY GLYCINE:
Glycine powder is readily available and can easily be added to your favorite drinks and some foods.
Collagen supplements are also an efficient way to boost your
glycine intake.
Both methods are a safe way to get more of this important nutrient.
THE BOTTOM LINE, GLYCINE:
Glycine is an amino acid with many impressive health benefits.
Your body needs glycine to make important compounds, such as glutathione, creatine and collagen.
Glycine may also protect your liver from alcohol-induced damage and improve sleep quality and heart health.
What’s more, glycine may also benefit people with type 2 diabetes and protect against muscle loss that occurs with muscle-wasting conditions.
You can increase your intake of this important nutrient by eating some meat products, by adding the powdered supplement form to drinks and foods or by supplementing with collagen.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF GLYCINE:
As an amino acid, glycine contributes to cellular growth and health.
Glycine may help the body in multiple ways, including the following:
*Decreases Oxidative Stress
Glycine is one of the amino acids essential to the body’s synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione.
Cells produce glutathione in order to fight free radicals that can otherwise cause oxidative stress and damage cells, proteins, and DNA.
As the body ages, its ability to naturally synthesize glutathione, but this ability can be restored through supplementation with glycine and cysteine.
*Improves Brain and Muscle Performance
Glycine plays a role in the synthesis of creatine as well, another amino acid that can also be consumed independently.
Creatine is a popular supplement for athletes because Glycine provides muscles with the energy needed for short bursts of strength and speed.
Creatine also provides the brain energy.
Glycine may help with cognitive tasks such as short-term memory and reasoning.
*Aids inDiabetes Management and Prevention
Glycine supplements stimulate a gut hormone that increases the ability of insulin to remove glucose from the bloodstream.
In people with type 2 diabetes, this interaction is compromised.
Glycine supplements do encourage insulin response in healthy people and may help prevent or manage diabetes.
In one study, healthy, first-degree relatives of people with type 2 diabetes who took glycine supplements in the morning showed improved insulin secretion throughout the day.
*Decreases Risk of Heart Attack
In addition to being linked to lower blood pressure and risk of obesity, glycine supplements may help reduce the risk of a heart attack.
In a study of over 4000 people with chest pains, higher levels of glycine in the blood were linked to a lower chance of heart attack.
*Protects Liver from Alcohol Damage
Glycine helps keep alcohol from reaching the liver. It activates first-pass metabolism in the stomach, which disposes of a portion of the ethanol consumed.
However, human studies are still needed to see if glycine supplements have any effect.
*Improves Sleep Quality
One study found that taking glycine before bed significantly improved sleep quantity and quality in people with tendencies towards insomnia.
One possible reason for this effect is the ability of glycine to reduce core body temperature, something that also occurs during sleep.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS OF GLYCINE:
May interact with some medications; talk to a healthcare provider if you are pregnant or breastfeeding
The benefits of glycine as a supporter of growth and overall health are numerous.
It's been claimed that glycine supplementation can prevent and treat disease as well as enhance the quality of sleep and neurological symptoms.
This being said, glycine use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or doctor.
No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.
Although generally considered safe, there's been little research on long-term use, so check with your healthcare provider before trying it as a new supplement.
HOW TO TAKE GLYCINE:
Glycine is available as a supplement and can be taken orally in the form of a capsule or dissolvable powder.
Some people may find that taking supplements like glycine with a meal or before bedtime is ideal to avoid stomach-related side effects.
Depending on the supplement and dosage instructions, you may take glycine once per day or in two separate daily doses.
DOSAGE OF GLYCINE:
There is not a standard recommended dose for glycine supplementation.
You should follow the dosing instructions provided by Glycine manufacturer, unless your healthcare provider has prescribed you a specific dose.
However, glycine is most commonly taken in doses of up to 3 g daily for up to 24 weeks.
Some studies have found that taking up to 6 g of glycine daily for 4 weeks is safe.
9 HEALTH BENEFITS AND USES OF GLYCINE:
1. Builds muscle
Glycine is required for the synthesis of creatine, a chemical that provides energy to your muscles and helps with increasing muscle strength and size.
2. Repairs joints
Glycine is the main amino acid in collagen, which is crucial for your joints, tendons, and ligaments.
Glycine has been demonstrated in studies to be necessary for the creation of flexible cartilage, help heal injured joints, and prevent the loss of mobility and functionality in older people.
3. Reduces inflammation
Glycine is a dietary precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that plays a role in lowering inflammation and protecting against free radical damage.
By inhibiting the generation of harmful inflammatory molecules, glycine can help prevent diseases linked to oxidative stress such as liver injury, ischemic stroke, and heart attack.
4. Protects the liver from alcohol damage
Excessive alcohol use can be damaging to the liver.
By preventing inflammation, glycine can help minimize the detrimental effects of alcohol on the liver.
5. Protects heart health
Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, glycine lowers the risk of heart disease.
In a 2015 study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, researchers examined the relationship between glycine plasma levels and acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Study subjects included 4,109 people who had undergone elective coronary angiography to rule out stable angina (blockage in the coronary artery).
According to the study, people with higher plasma glycine levels had a lower risk of heart disease and heart attack.
6. Helps improve metabolic disorders
Glycine is believed to aid in the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
Glycine lowers glycated hemoglobin, a risk factor associated with poor blood sugar control in people with type II diabetes.
It also increases the release of a gut hormone (glucagon) that aids insulin in the removal of glucose from the bloodstream.
In addition, glycine increases adiponectin levels, a chemical that controls satiety and fat metabolism.
This may lead to weight reduction in people who are obese, although this effect has only been seen in cell studies.
7. Improves digestive system
Bone broth has been used for many years to treat digestive issues because it contains high levels of glycine, which promotes the health of the gut wall and mucosa.
Glycine can help speed up the healing of ulcers and regulation of stomach acidity.
8. Improves sleep quality
Glycine helps activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the brain, which may have a calming effect on the brain and lower core body temperature, both of which can help improve symptoms of sleep disorders.
9. Builds immunity
Glycine promotes the synthesis of glutathione, an essential antioxidant that protects cells against free radicals, peroxide (a molecule that binds to the radicals), and lipid peroxidation (oxidative stress of lipids). By protecting your body against oxidative stress, glycine can help boost your immune system.
HOW DOES GLYCINE WORK?
Glycine supplementation likely works through different mechanisms depending on the outcome of interest.
Glycine is a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, meaning glycine plays a role in activating this receptor in the brain.
Glycine’s effect on the NMDA receptor has been proposed as underlying the improvements in both sleep and symptoms of schizophrenia with supplementation.
Glycine may benefit sleep by lowering core body temperature, as a warm body temperature can adversely affect sleep quality.
DOES GLYCINE HELP SLEEP?
As a dietary supplement, glycine is often promoted
HOW COULD GLYCINE HELP SLEEP?
Lowers body temperature:
Glycine appears to reduce core body temperature.
This is important because the body starts to cool off as people fall asleep and body temperature continues to decrease for about two hours after falling asleep.
A decrease in core body temperature may also be related to melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep.
Increases serotonin: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in sleep regulation.
BENEFITS OF GLYCINE:
Wisteria is an amino acid involved in the composition of proteins.
It participates in their normal synthesis.
In addition, glycine helps to repair liver damages caused by excessive alcohol consumption and improves the recovery process.
Glycine is likely to act in synergy with boldo and yarrow in supporting hepato-biliary functions.
Glycine is the smallest possible of the 20 amino acids that are essential for human life.
In a seeming contradiction, glycine is called a “nonessential” amino acid because it can be synthesized by the body and therefore does not have to be included in the diet.
Glycine is the only achiral amino acid in that the carbon atom bearing the carboxylate and amino groups is not a stereogenic center.
In 1924, Hilda Louise Kingston and Samuel Barnett Schryver at the Imperial College of Science and Technology (London) isolated glycine from the hydrolysis products of gelatin.
The following year, two laboratory syntheses of glycine were published in Organic Syntheses.
In the subsequent 30 years, additional biological sources were identified and lab syntheses developed.
Just this year, humble glycine made a big splash in the news.
Scientists at the NASA Goddard Space Center (Greenbelt, MD) found glycine in particles of the comet Wild 2 that were returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft.
This finding confirms some scientists’ belief that biological building blocks may have come to Earth from space, but because the molecule was glycine, the origin of chirality is still murky.
WHAT ARE GLYCINE'S MAIN BENEFITS?
A few studies have found supplementation with glycine can improve sleep quality, with subsequent benefits to cognitive function.
High doses of glycine have been shown to improve symptoms of schizophrenia.
Glycine may reduce the blood glucose response to carbohydrate ingestion.
Glycine is a major component of collagen (around 25% by weight) and for this reasons is often taken to improve joint health, but human evidence in this area is currently lacking.
GLYCINE AND MUSCLES:
Glycine is a major component of collagen.
Collagen is primarily composed of amino acids occurring as the following motifs: glycine-proline-X or glycine-X-hydroxyproline.
Because collagen holds together skin, cartilage, and other body structures together, insufficient glycine synthesis is associated with weak muscles and inadequate amounts of protein for maintaining homeostasis—clinical studies show that lower plasma glycine levels correlate with lower metabolic capacity.
Glycine supplementation has been shown to protect muscles from several disease states, such as sepsis and cancer cachexia, that lead to muscle degradation.
GLYCINE AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Glycine is also a neurotransmitter, binding to glycine receptors most commonly found on postsynaptic neurons, many of which are located in the spinal cord.
The reduced activity of these receptors can cause people to be more sensitive to pain and noxious smells.
Therefore, potentiating glycine receptor activity may be a viable approach to treat chronic pain.
In turn, Glycine’s inhibitory activity has encouraged research to determine whether selectively activating those receptors can alleviate chronic pain.
GLYCINE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS:
Current research also shows that glycine supplementation protects against oxidative damage by increasing levels of glutathione, an antioxidant that reduces the harmful effects of oxidative stress by reducing free radicals.
Glycine’s ability to protect animals from oxidative stress has encouraged farmers to introduce it as a supplement in animal feeds.
A recent randomized controlled clinical trial also showed that glycine and dietary cysteine supplementation increases glutathione levels at a dose-dependent rate.
GLYCIN AND STROKE:
Despite the myriad beneficial effects that glycine confers, glycine intake has been linked with ischemic stroke.
A large cross-sectional study of Japanese adults showed that a higher intake of glycine was associated with an increased risk of mortality from total and ischemic stroke.
Conversely, other case-control studies note a reduced risk of ischemic stroke with higher levels of glycine.
Furthermore, glycine supplementation provides a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the small intestines and the liver.
More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between glycine and stroke.
GLYCINE SUPPLEMENTATION:
Given its wide range of physiological functions, glycine is an important molecule in clinical nutrition.
For example, high doses of glycine have been shown to enhance collagen synthesis among chondrocytes, the body’s main collagen producers.
Glycine is also required along with the amino acids methionine and arginine to produce the amino acid creatine.
Like collagen, creatine is mostly found in muscle tissue.
Adequate levels of creatine increase ATP production, providing energy to maintain high-intensity exercise.
People eager to improve their fitness can also take glycine supplements during their workout routines.
In exercise routines, glycine supplementation increases muscle endurance and reduces fatigue during high-intensity training.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLYCINE:
Chemical formula: C₂H₅NO₂
Molar mass: 75.067 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1607 g/cm³
Melting point: 233 °C (451 °F; 506 K) (decomposition)
Solubility in water: 249.9 g/L (25 °C)
Solubility: soluble in pyridine, sparingly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether
Acidity (pKa): 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -40.3·10−6 cm³/mol
CAS number: 56-40-6
EC number: 200-272-2
Hill Formula: C₂H₅NO₂
Chemical formula: H₂NCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 75.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2922 49 85
Physicochemical Information:
Density: 1.161 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Melting Point: >233 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 5.9 - 6.4 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.0000171 Pa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 920 kg/m³
Solubility: 250 g/l soluble
Molecular Weight: 75.07
XLogP3: -3.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 75.032028402
Monoisotopic Mass: 75.032028402
Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 42.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
IUPAC Name: 2-aminoacetic acid
Molecular Weight: 75.07
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
Canonical SMILES: C(C(=O)O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)
InChIKey: DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling Point: 240.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 240°C (dec.)
Flash Point: 145°C
Purity: >98%
Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Appearance: White Crystalline Powder
Storage: Store at RT
Assay: 0.99
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 240 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 250 g/l at 25 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -3,21
Autoignition temperature: > 140 °C not auto-flammable
Decomposition temperature: > 233 °C -
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
CAS:56-40-6
Molecular formula:C2H5NO2
Molecule weight: 75.067
Density: 1.3 ± 0.1 g/cm3
Boiling point: 240.9 ± 23.0 ° C at 760 mmHg
Melting point: 240 ° C (dec.) (lit.)
Flash point: 99.5 ± 22.6 ° C
PSA 63.32000
LogP -1.03
Appearance: white to greyish white crystalline powder
Vapor pressure: 0.0 ± 1.0 mmHg at 25 ° C
Refractive index: 1.461
Chemical formula: C2H5NO2
Molar mass: 75.067 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1607 g/cm3
Melting point: 233 °C (451 °F; 506 K) (decomposition)
Solubility in water: 249.9 g/L (25 °C)
Solubility: soluble in pyridine
sparingly soluble in ethanol
insoluble in ether
Acidity (pKa): 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -40.3·10−6 cm3/mol
CAS number: 56-40-6
EC number: 200-272-2
Hill Formula: C₂H₅NO₂
Chemical formula: H₂NCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 75.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2922 49 85
Density: 1.161 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 233 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 5.9 - 6.4 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.0000171 Pa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 920 kg/m3
Solubility: 250 g/l soluble
Melting Point: ∼245°C (decomposition)
pH: 5.97
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Beilstein: 635782
Merck Index: 14,4491
Solubility Information: Soluble in water and pyridine.
Slightly soluble in acetone.
Insoluble in diethyl ether,n-octanol and ethanol.
Formula Weight: 75.07
Percent Purity: 99%
Density: 1.595
Odor: Odorless
Chemical Name or Material: Glycine
FIRST AID MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLYCINE:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls
--Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of GLYCINE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLYCINE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
