LACTIC ACID

Lactic acid is an organic acid.
Lactic acid has the molecular formula CH3CH (OH)COOH.
Lactic acid is white in solid form.
Lactic acid is miscible with water.

When dissolved, lactic acid forms a colorless solution.
Production involves both artificial synthesis and natural resources.
Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group.
Lactic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and various biochemical industries.
The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate (or lactate anion).
The name of the derived acyl group is lactoyl.

Molecular formula: C3H6O3
CAS Number: 0-21-5
EC number: 200-018-0

lactic acid,2-hydroxypropanoic acid,DL-Lactic acid,50-21-5,2-hydroxypropionic acid,Milk acid,lactate,Tonsillosan,Racemic lactic acid,Ordinary lactic acid
Ethylidenelactic acid,Lactovagan,Acidum lacticum,26100-51-6,Milchsaeure,Lactic acid, dl-,Kyselina mlecna,Lacticum acidum,DL-Milchsaeure,Lactic acid USP
(+/-)-Lactic acid,Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-,Aethylidenmilchsaeure,598-82-3,1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylic acid,alpha-Hydroxypropionic acid,Lactic acid (natural)
(RS)-2-Hydroxypropionsaeure,FEMA No. 2611,Milchsaure,Kyselina 2-hydroxypropanova,Lurex,Propionic acid, 2-hydroxy-,purac FCC 80,purac FCC 88,Cheongin samrakhan
FEMA Number 2611,CCRIS 2951,HSDB 800,Cheongin Haewoohwan,Cheongin Haejanghwan,SY-83,2-Hydroxypropionicacid,(+-)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid,Biolac,NSC 367919
Lactic acid, tech grade,Chem-Cast,alpha-Hydroxypropanoic acid,AI3-03130,HIPURE 88,DL- lactic acid,EINECS 200-018-0,EINECS 209-954-4,EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 128929
Lactic acid,buffered,NSC-367919,UNII-3B8D35Y7S4,2-Hydroxy-2-methylacetic acid,BRN 5238667,INS NO.270,DTXSID7023192,(+/-)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid,CHEBI:78320
INS-270,3B8D35Y7S4,E 270,MFCD00004520,LACTIC ACID (+-),.alpha.-Hydroxypropanoic acid,.alpha.-Hydroxypropionic acidi,DTXCID003192,E-270,EC 200-018-0,NCGC00090972-01
2-hydroxy-propionic acid,(R)-2-Hydroxy-propionic acid;H-D-Lac-OH,C01432,Milchsaure [German],Lactic acid [JAN],Kyselina mlecna [Czech],Propanoic acid, hydroxy-
NCGC00090972-03,NCGC00257515-01,NCGC00260004-01,26811-96-1,Lactic Acid, 85 Percent, Reagent, ACS,CS-0021601,FT-0624390,FT-0625477,FT-0627927,FT-0696525
FT-0774042,L0226,EN300-19542,Lactic acid, meets USP testing specifications,D00111,F71201,A877374,DL-Lactic acid, SAJ first grade, 85.0-92.0%
Q161249,DL-Lactic acid, JIS special grade, 85.0-92.0%,F2191-0200,Z104474158,BC10F553-5D5D-4388-BB74-378ED4E24908,Lactic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Lactic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material,DL-Lactic acid 90%, synthetic, meets the analytical specifications of Ph. Euro.

In solution, it can ionize by loss of a proton to produce the lactate ion CH.
Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit less.
lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid.
This high acidity is the result of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group.
Lactic acid is chiral.
Lactic acid consists of two enantiomers.

one is known as l -lactic acid, ( S )-lactic acid, or (+)-lactic acid.
The mixture of these two in equal amounts is called dl-lactic acid or racemic lactic acid.
Lactic acid is hygroscopic.
Lactic acid is miscible with water and ethanol.
d -Lactic acid and l -lactic acid have a higher melting point.
Lactic acid produced by the fermentation of milk is generally racemic.

Some types of lactic acid bacteria produce only d -lactic acid.
On the other hand, it has the enantiomer of lactic acid, which is produced through anaerobic respiration in animal muscles.
Lactic acid is sometimes called "sarcollactic" acid, from the Greek sarx meaning "meat".
Lactic acid is continuously produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactic acid dehydrogenase.
The rate of lactate production varies with monocarboxylate transporters.

Lactic acid serves as fuel for cells.
Lactic acid gives energy to the muscles.
Lactic acid can be stored in certain organelles.
but Lactic acid is usually wasted.

Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates or chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde.
Lactic acid is produced through fermentation.
Pure sucrose, glucose obtained from starch, raw sugar and beet juice are often used.
Lactic acid is synthesized industrially by hydrolyzing certain compounds.
When hydrolysis is carried out with hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride is formed as a by-product.

During strength exercises such as running, glucose is broken down when energy demands are high.
Lactic acid is oxidized to pyruvate.
Lactic acid is produced from pyruvate to lactate faster than the body can process it.
Lactic acid causes lactate concentrations to rise.

Lactate, which is produced by lactic acid synthesis, is common in the following areas.
If blood sugar concentrations are high, glucose can be used to build the liver's glycogen stores.
However, lactate is formed continuously at rest and during all exercise intensities.
Lactate serves as a metabolic fuel produced and oxidatively excreted in resting and exercising muscles.

Lactic acidosis during exercise can occur due to H+ resulting from ATP hydrolysis.
(ATP 4− + H 2 O → ADP 3− + HPO2−4+ H + )

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate (pyruvate − + NADH + H + → lactate − + NAD + ) actually consumes H + .
Factors that cause an increase in H are due to the production of lactate from a neutral molecule increasing the amount of [H + ] to maintain electroneutrality.
The opposite view is that lactate is produced from pyruvate with the same charge.
What produces H+ is the production of pyruvate from neutral glucose:

{C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ + 2ADP^3- + 2HPO4^2- -> 2CH3COCO2- + 2H+ + 2NADH + 2ATP^4- + 2H2O}}}

Although the glucose → 2 lactate – + 2 H + reaction alone releases two H +, the H + is absorbed in the production of ATP.
On the other hand, absorbed acidity is released during the subsequent hydrolysis of ATP:
ATP 4− + H 2 O → ADP 3− + HPO2−4+ H +

The formation of CO 2 during respiration also causes an increase in [H + ].
Although glucose is generally assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, lactose is among the main energy sources.

Lactic acid is also used in pharmaceutical technology to differentiate water-soluble from otherwise insoluble active ingredients.
Lactic acid is also used to produce lactates with lactic acid.
Lactic acid finds greater use in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and due to its disinfectant and keratolytic properties.
Lactic acid-containing bacteria are promising in reducing oxaluria with their descaling properties on calcium compounds.

Lactic acid is mainly found in sour milk products such as kumiss, laban, yoghurt, kefir and some cottage cheeses.
The casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curled) by lactic acid. Lactic acid is also responsible for the sour taste of sourdough bread.
In nutritional information listings, lactic acid may appear under the term "carbohydrate."
Lactic acid generally contains everything except water, protein, fat, ash and ethanol.
Some beers (sour beer) knowingly contain lactic acid.

Most often this is produced naturally by various types of bacteria.
These bacteria ferment sugar into acids, unlike yeast, which ferments sugar into ethanol.
After cooling the wort, yeast and bacteria are allowed to "fall" into open fermenters.
In winemaking, it is necessary to convert the naturally present malic acid into lactic acid, reducing the pungency.
A natural or controlled bacterial process is often used for lactic acid flavor reasons.
This malolactic fermentation is carried out by lactic acid bacteria.

Although not normally found in significant amounts in fruits, lactic acid is the primary organic acid in akebia fruit and accounts for 2.12% of the juice.
Lactic acid is an important molecule in cellular respiration, glucose production, regulation of inflammation and molecular signaling.
Under anaerobic conditions, glucose is converted to lactic acid to produce energy for cells.
Energy can also be produced in the kidneys.
here lactate can be oxidized to produce energy through the production of CO2, a process that consumes oxygen but produces ATP.
Additionally, lactic acid conversion occurs in both the liver and kidneys.
thus, it can be used in gluconeogenesis, a process that can convert lactic acid into glucose by consuming ATP.
Lactate also has anti-inflammatory effects and increases immune tolerance.

There are two types of lactic acidosis; Type A and type B.
Type A lactic acidosis results from hypoperfusion and prolonged hypoxia of tissues.
Lactic acid usually occurs when oxygen consumption is greater than oxygen delivery.
results in cells undergoing anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
Type A lactic acidosis can be caused by all subtypes of shock, regional ischemia, and anaerobic muscle activity.

Type B lactic acidosis, on the other hand, results from sources other than hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia.
Lactic acid results in impaired tissue function and inability to process available pyruvate.
As a result, alternative metabolic pathways emerge to produce pyruvate.
Causes of type B lactic acidosis include liver disease, malignancies, medications, and thiamine deficiency.
There is also excessive exercise and sports.

Lactic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much lactic acid and cannot process or remove it fast enough.
The condition can occur quickly and lead to serious complications.
Lactic acidosis is often a complication of other health conditions.
Some medications can also cause lactic acidosis.
Liver damage and liver disease affect the body's ability to remove lactate from the blood.
Lactic acid can cause high blood lactate levels, known as hyperlactatemia.
In some cases, hyperlactatemia may progress to lactic acidosis.

Heart failure, shock, and serious infections can reduce blood oxygen levels.
This can increase the concentration of lactic acid in the blood, leading to lactic acidosis.
Lactic acid is an integral part of the human body.
Lactic acid aids in cell respiration, glucose production and molecule signaling.
Contrary to popular belief, lactic acid does not cause muscle pain.
However, during exercise, the concentration of lactic acid in the blood increases.

High levels of lactic acid in the blood can lead to hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis.
Certain health conditions may increase a person's risk of developing hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis.
Left untreated, both of these conditions can lead to serious, potentially fatal complications.
Your body usually supplies your muscles with oxygen (aerobically).

Lactic acid has three main functions:

Energy: Your body produces lactic acid to fuel cells when they work harder than normal.

Glucose production (gluconeogenesis): Your liver and kidneys filter lactic acid from your blood after Lactic acid has been created in other tissues.
They break Lactic acid down and turn it into new glucose that your body can use for energy in the future.

Molecular signaling: Lactic acid in your blood is a signaling molecule throughout your body.

Lactic acidosis is different from the temporary increase in your lactic acid level after a workout.
Typically, your lactic acid level returns to normal as soon as you stop intense physical activity.
Your liver and kidneys begin to break down the extra lactic acid just before you experience symptoms or complications.

Lactic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis, a condition in which there is too much acid in the body.
Lactic acidosis begins when a person's body produces too much lactate or uses insufficient lactate and cannot adapt to these changes.
This acid buildup causes an imbalance in the body's pH level.
This pH should always be slightly basic or alkaline rather than acidic.
There are several different types of acidosis.

Lactate accumulation occurs when there is not enough oxygen in the muscles to break down or metabolize blood sugar glucose and glycogen.
Metabolism without oxygen is called anaerobic metabolism.
Lactate has two forms: L-lactate and D-lactate.
Most forms of lactic acidosis are caused by too much L-lactate.
There are two types of lactic acidosis, Type A and Type B:
Type A lactic acidosis is caused by reduced blood flow to the tissue, called hypoperfusion.
Type B lactic acidosis results from impaired cell function and reduced blood flow that is limited to certain areas of tissue.