POLYETHYLENE

CAS Number: 9002-88-4
MDL number: MFCD00084423
Molecular Formula: (C2H4)n

Polyethylene is the most common plastic in use today.
Polyethylene is vinyl polymer, made from the monomer ethylene. 
Polyethylene (PE) is a lightweight, durable thermoplastic with variable crystalline structure. 
Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)n. 
Polyethylene is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene, with various values of n. 

Polyethylene can be low-density or high-density: low-density polyethylene is extruded using high pressure (1000–5000 atm) and high temperature (520 kelvins), while high-density polyethylene is extruded using low pressure (6–7 atm) and low temperature (333–343 K). 
Polyethylene is usually thermoplastic, but Polyethylene can be modified to become thermosetting instead, for example, in cross-linked polyethylene.
PE is one of the most widely produced plastics in the world (tens of millions of tons are produced worldwide each year). 

Polyethylene is made from the polymerization of ethylene (or ethene) monomer. 
Polyethylene chemical formula is (C2H4)n.
Polyethylene is made by addition or radical polymerization of ethylene (olefin) monomers. (Chemical formula of Ethene - C2H4).
Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene catalysts are used to carry out polymerization of polyethylene.

Polyethylene is produced from ethylene, and although ethylene can be produced from renewable resources, Polyethylene is mainly obtained from petroleum or natural gas.
Polyethylene (PE), light, versatile synthetic resin made from the polymerization of ethylene. 
Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. 
Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic in the world, being made into products ranging from clear food wrap and shopping bags to detergent bottles and automobile fuel tanks. 

Polyethylene can also be slit or spun into synthetic fibres or modified to take on the elastic properties of a rubber.
Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous hydrocarbon commonly produced by the cracking of ethane, which in turn is a major constituent of natural gas or can be distilled from petroleum. 
Ethylene molecules are essentially composed of two methylene units (CH2) linked together by a double bond between the carbon atoms—a structure represented by the formula CH2=CH2. 

Under the influence of polymerization catalysts, the double bond can be broken and the resultant extra single bond used to link to a carbon atom in another ethylene molecule. 
Thus, made into the repeating unit of a large, polymeric (multiple-unit) molecule.
This simple structure, repeated thousands of times in a single molecule, is the key to the properties of polyethylene. 
The long, chainlike molecules, in which hydrogen atoms are connected to a carbon backbone, can be produced in linear or branched forms. 

Branched versions are known as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE); linear versions are known as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
The basic polyethylene composition can be modified by the inclusion of other elements or chemical groups, as in the case of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. 
In addition, ethylene can be copolymerized with other monomers such as vinyl acetate or propylene to produce a number of ethylene copolymers. 

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer with a variable crystalline structure and a vast range of applications depending on the particular type. 
Polyethylene is one of the most widely produced plastics in the world, with tens of millions of tons produced worldwide each year. 
The commercial process (the Ziegler-Natta catalysts) that made PE such a success was developed in the 1950s by two scientists, Karl Ziegler of Germany and Giulio Natta of Italy.  

There are several types of polyethylene, and each one is best suited for a different set of applications. 
Generally speaking, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is much more crystalline, and is often used in entirely different circumstances than Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). 
A molecule of polyethylene is nothing more than a long chain of carbon atoms, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom. 

Polyethylene is probably the polymer you see most in daily life. 
Polyethylene is one of the polymers called polyolefins, which is an odd name. 
Polyethylene is the most popular plastic in the world. 
Polyethylene makes grocery bags, shampoo bottles, children's toys, and even bullet proof vests. 
For such a versatile material, Polyethylene has a very simple structure, the simplest of all commercial polymers.

Sometimes some of the carbons, instead of having hydrogens attached to them, will have long chains or branches of polyethylene attached to them. 
This is called branched, or low-density polyethylene, or LDPE. 
When there is no branching, it is called linear polyethylene, or HDPE. 
Linear polyethylene is much stronger than branched polyethylene, but branched polyethylene is cheaper and easier to make. 
Linear polyethylene is normally produced with molecular weights in the range of 200,000 to 500,000, but Polyethylene can be made even higher. 

Polyethylene with molecular weights of three to six million is referred to as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, or UHMWPE. 
Large sheets of Polyethylene can be used instead of ice for skating rinks
Branched polyethylene is often made by free radical vinyl polymerization. 
Linear polyethylene is made by a more complicated procedure called Ziegler-Natta polymerization. 
UHMWPE is made using metallocene catalysis polymerization.

But Ziegler-Natta polymerization can be used to make LDPE, too. 
By copolymerizing ethylene monomer with a alkyl-branched comonomer one gets a copolymer which has short hydrocarbon branches. Copolymers like this are called linear low-density polyethylene, or LLDPE. 
LLDPE is often used to make things like plastic films.
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used thermoplastic polymer for fabricated parts and components. 
Polyethylene is available in a variety of grades and formulations to suit different needs. 

In general, polyethylenes offer excellent chemical and impact resistance, electrical properties and low coefficient of friction. 
Polyethylene is considered a dielectric material. 
In addition, polyethylenes are lightweight, easily processed and offer near-zero moisture absorption.
There are four categories of polyethylene thermoplastic material based on density/property: low, medium, high (HDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.

Characteristics of these include:
-Economical
-Low co-efficient of frictionhere to help button
-Excellent chemical resistance
-Stable in cryogenic environments
-Good impact resistance
-FDA/USDA approved (HDPE)
-Resistant to many solvents (HDPE)
-Good fatigue and wear resistance (HDPE)
-Zero water absorption (HDPE)

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used plastics in the world. 
Polyethylene is by far the most common type of consumer plastic, and is used in many everyday materials. 
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic product, meaning that it can be melted into a liquid and then cooled back into a solid, many times over. 
Different processing conditions give rise to different grades of polyethylene that can be used for very different purposes—from flexible cling wrap on the one end of the spectrum, to hard bollard post covers on the other
One of the most attractive properties of polyethylene is Polyethylene's durability. 

Polyethylene is resistant to fading and chipping, while also being impervious to many chemical substances, such as acids and caustic solutions. 
Polyethylene is an excellent electrical insulator. 
Polyethylene retains Polyethylene's properties in extremely cold conditions, but can be melted at high temperatures.
Polyethylene (PE), also known as polyethene (IUPAC name) or polythene, is a major group of thermoplastic polymers, produced by the polymerization of ethylene. 

Depending on the polymerization process used, various types of polyethylene with differing properties can be obtained. 
Polyethylene is categorized based on their density, molecular weight, and branching structure.
Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene (IUPAC name ethene). 
The recommended scientific name 'polyethene' is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. 
In the polymer industry, the name is sometimes shortened to PE, analogous to the contraction of polypropylene to PP and polystyrene to PS.

Polyethylene plastic is one of the most widely used materials for the manufacture of an extensive range of products. 
Hardly surprising considering Polyethylene is both simple and economical to produce. 
This reason, together with Polyethylene's other advantages, has led to Polyethylene's proliferation in various areas. 
Polyethylene plastic is a polymer formed by a string of hydrogen and carbon atoms, repeatedly chained together. 
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic obtained by the polymerisation of ethylene. 
Polyethylene is a demonstration of how a new substance can be obtained by applying a chemical process to an organic compound. 

Moreover, ethylene can be polymerised in different ways, depending on the properties that are needed. 
This gives rise to different types of the same material.
Polyethylene’s an inert This means that Polyethylene’s unlikely to react chemically on contact with another material.
Visually it exhibits a whitish, almost translucent appearance.
Polyethylene is not a good conductor of heat or electricity. 
This is why Polyethylene is so widely used in the manufacture of wiring, pipes, etc.

In a liquid state Polyethylene gains or loses density depending on the temperature and the stress Polyethylene is subjected to. 
This is why Polyethylene’s classified as a non-Newtonian fluid. 
This makes Polyethylene extremely resistant at low temperature. 
In a solid state, Polyethylen's density also varies according to temperature.
Polyethylene is flexible and resistant to ordinary temperatures. 

Polyethylene's melting point is 110º. 
When subjected to a lower thermal gradient, Polyethylene becomes harder and more fragile.
Two major types of PE are in use in the films and flexible packaging sector.
LDPE (Low Density) used generally for trays and heavier duty films such as long-life bags and sacks, poly tunnels, protective sheeting, food bags etc 
HDPE (High Density) which is used for most thin gauge carrier bags, fresh produce bags and some bottles and caps.

There are other variants on these two main typesn. 
All offer an good vapour or moisture barrier qualities and are chemically inert.
By altering the formulation and gauge of polyethylene, the producer/converter can adjust impact and tear resistance; transparency and tactility; flexibility, formability and coating/laminating/printing capability. 
PE can be recycled and many bin bags, agricultural films and long-life products such as park benches, bollards and waste bins use recycled polyethylene. 

Due to its high calorific value, PE offers excellent energy recovery through clean incineration.
Polyethylene consists of hydrocarbon chains with the most basic component being the ethylene molecule, consisting of 2 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms. 
When ethylene molecules are combined together in straight or branched chains, polyethylene is formed. 
This process involves splitting the double bond between the 2 carbon atoms and creating a free radical to join to the next ethylene molecule. 

The macromolecules are not covalently joined, but are held together in a crystalline structure through intermolecular forces. 
The lower the number of side branches, the lower the crystallinity and hence the higher the density as can be observed in the differing properties for differing types of polyethylene.
Polyethylene is weather resistant but can become brittle when exposed to sunlight for extended periods of time. 
This limitation can be overcome through the addition of UV stabilizers. 

Polyethylene can be ignited and will continue to burn after the ignition source is removed with a yellow tipped blue flame, which will cause the plastic to drip. 
The surface properties of polyethylene prevent Polyethylene from being stuck together or imprinted without pretreatment. 
Polyethylene can be transparent, milky-opaque, or opaque, depending on the grade of material, the thickness of the product, and the presence of additives.
Polyethylene (PE) is widely used in the world today to efficiently protect and transport all types of products. 

Polyethylene offers durable items that makes life convenient and enjoyable. 
The versatility and simple structure of polyethylene delivers multiple types of sustainable solutions throughout the value chain.
Poly(ethene) is produced in three main forms: low density (LDPE) (< 0.930 g cm-3) and linear low density ( LLDPE) (ca 0.915-0.940 g cm-3) and high density (HDPE) (ca 0.940-0.965 g cm-3).
Polyethylene is one of the most commonly used engineering plastics.

Polyethylene's chemical resistance properties and ease of fabrication make Polyethylene popular in the chemical industries. Polyethylene's molecular structure provides the key to its versatility.
Polyethylene (PE) is a plastic. 
Polyethylene is made by combining single carbon atoms together to create long chains of carbon atoms. 
The long chains are called macromolecules.

Attached to each carbon atom are usually two hydrogen atoms. 
Polyethylene belongs to the family of plastics called thermoplastics. 
These plastics have weak forces that attract the macromolecules together. 
The other family of plastics is the thermosets.
In these the hydrogen atoms are occasionally replaced with other atoms that attach to neighboring chains, locking them together. 

The thermoplastics can be melted and reshaped but the thermosets can only be used once.
The process of using solvents and heat to convert from single atoms to a string of thousands of atoms long is called polymerization.
During polymerization, many carbon chains are created at the one time. 
When PE is molten the long chains are mobile but upon cooling, the long chains intertwine and lock together. 

Much like when spaghetti is boiled and let cool.
The density of PE depends on the process used to make Polyethylene. 
One method produces low-density (LDPE) while a high density (HDPE) results from the other.
Polyethylene’s density can be further modified to produce medium density (MDPE) and ultra high molecular weight (UHMWPE) products. 

The properties of each type of PE depend on the shape and length the carbon chains and how closely they compact.
The carbon chain length and extent of branching greatly affect the properties of the plastic. 
The amount of side-chain branching varies the closeness that molecules can come together. 
Closely compact chains give more rigid and solid plastics.
Occasionally the molecules will lie side by side. 

This creates a harder clump known as a crystalline alignment.
Plastics with high amounts of crystalline arrangements are harder and stronger but more brittle. 
UHMWPE chains have few branches and are 10 – 20 times longer than HDPE. 
This permits the development of many more crystalline areas than the lower density PEs.
The lower density PE’s have good toughness (ability to deform without breaking) and excellent elongation (ability to stretch) with LDPE stretching up to 6 times its original length before breaking.

This makes them a useful plastic for molding and extruding in shapes of bottles, tanks, sheets, and pipes. 
UHMWPE is used for machinery parts where a high wear, low friction material is required.
In Polyethylene's natural form, PE is clear and goes white and translucent as the amount of crystallinity increases. 
Polyethylene is used in stretch films, plastic bags, and plastic bottles. 
Coloring agents can be added.
Polyethylene degrades from ultraviolet radiation. 
When used in sunlight 2 – 3% carbon black powder is added. 

Life expectancies in outside conditions of over 25 years are attainable.
Chemical resistance properties of Polyethylene are excellent, covering a wide range of chemicals. 
Polyethylene or polythene is the most common plastic. 
As of 2017, over 100 million tonnes of polyethylene resins are produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. 
Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)n. 

Polyethylene is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene with various values of n.
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic that is resistant to highly resistant chemicals and is used in a wide variety of products. 
In the plastics industry, the name is generally used as PE in short. 
The ethylene molecule C2H4 consists of two CH2 connected by double bond. (CH2=CH2) 
The production of polyethylene is by polymerization of ethylene. 

Polyethylene plastic can be low density or high density, can be molded, extruded and poured into molds of various shapes. Polyethylene is a hard, strong, durable and size stable material that absorbs water very little.
Today, polyethylene production processes are categorized into "high pressure" and "low pressure" operations. 
Generally low density polyethylene (LDPE) is obtained with the "high pressure" operation category, while the "low pressure" operation category produces high density (HDPE) and linear low density (LLDPE) polyethylene.
Polyethylene (PE) is a variable crystalline thermoplastic well known for Polyethylene's versatility. 

German chemist Hans von Pechmann discovered polyethylene by accident in 1898 when attempting to create a more stable version of diazomethane. 
Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson first synthesized polyethylene for industrial use in 1933, and large-scale production of low-density polyethylene began six years later. 
In the 1950s, catalysts were discovered that improved the polymerization aspect of polyethylene production, which jumpstarted high-density polyethylene production for the next twenty years and beyond.

Today, polyethylene is a staple of the manufacturing industry, and over 100 million tonnes of Polyethylene are produced annually. 
Generally, polyethylenes have excellent chemical and impact resistance, good electrical properties, and a low coefficient of friction. 
They’re also affordable, lightweight, and highly machinable. 
The mechanical properties of polyethylene will vary by type. 

For example, the mechanical specifications for LDPE are as follows:
-Tensile strength at 72°F: 1,400 psi
-Tensile modulus: 57,000
-Tensile elongation at break: 100%
-Flexural modulus: 29,000 psi
-Shore hardness (D): D45

Polyethylene (PE) plastic is flexible, durable, and tear-resistant. 
These three characteristics are each a necessity when you need to packaging heavy-duty items within your poly bags. 
That means that industrial companies often utilize polyethylene storage bags for large, heavy items, such as industrial machining parts.
Inert, translucent, and creates a lower static charge.
Prohibits a greater amount of light from entering the bag or film, which helps protect the contents.

Attracts significantly less dirt, dust, or other foreign organic elements.
Soft and pliable.
More resistant to cold temperatures and wear and tear.
Polyethylene is one of the most common materials in everyday’s life and accounts for 30% of the total volume of plastic material produced worldwide (in 2013). 
As a matter of fact, one in three plastic objects is made of Polyethylene.

In structural terms, Polyethylene is a derivative of ethylene, which in turn is a derivative of the oil and gas refining process.
The oil refining process, from which petrol, diesel and LPG are obtained, creates what is referred to as heavy naphtas. 
Using a process called cracking,  these naphtas are transformed into ethylene which, after a series of processes, becomes Polyethylene. 
Polyethylene manufacturing is also an economically efficient and ecologically clever way of enhancing a component of oil, the most important energy source.

Polyethylene (PE) is a thermoplastic polymer with variable crystalline structure and an extremely large range of applications depending on the particular type. 
Polyethylene impacts the lives of millions of people each and every day as Polyethylene is the world’s most versatile and widely used material for plastics. 
Polyethylene is the world’s most widely used thermoplastic and is made by the polymerization of ethylene. 
Polyethylene is often classified by Polyethylene's density, because greater density corresponds with greater material rigidity.

The world’s largest volume polyethylene is high density polyethylene (‘HDPE’), which has a relatively high degree of tensile strength. 
Polyethylene (PE) is a thermoplastic polymer of ethylene. 
Polyethylene, the most popular in the world, is a white waxy mass, chemically resistant, cold-resistant, with insulating and shock-absorbing properties, that softens when heated (at 80-120°C), solidifies when cooled and has low adhesion. 
Polyethylene is produced by way of ethylene polymerization. 

There are high-density, low-density and medium-density polyethylenes, depending on the method of production.
In addition to main polyethylene types (LDPE, HDPE), medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are also used for industrial purposes. 
Polyethylene, also known as polythene or polyethene, is one of the most commonly used plastics in the world. 
Polyethylenes usually have a linear structure and are known to be addition polymers.  

Polyethylene can be noted that over 100 million tonnes of polyethene is produced on an annual basis for commercial and industrial purposes.
The general formula of polyethylene can be written as (C2H4)n. 
Most types of polyethylene are thermoplastic (they can be remoulded by heating). 
However, some modified polyethylene plastics exhibit thermosetting properties. 
An example of such a class of polyethylene is cross-linked polyethylene.

Polyethylene (PE) is an organic polymer made by the polymerization of monomer subunits. 
The chemical formula of polyethylene is (C2H4)n. 
Polyethylene is a combination of similar polymers of ethylene with different values of n. 
A typical polyethylene molecule can contain more than 500 ethylene subunits.
Polyethylene has shown good mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical and optical properties. 
Polyethylene is cheap, flexible, and electrically and chemically resistant.

Polyethylene (PE) is a light, versatile synthetic resin produced from the polymerization of ethylene. 
Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. 
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer. 
Polyethylene has very distinct properties:
-Light weight
-Long lasting
-Low friction
-Low cost
-Flexible
-Electrically resistant
-Sun resistant
-Corrosion resistant

Polyethylene doesn't biodegrade easily. 
Polyethylene is easily recycled and polyethylene scrap can be melted down and reused.
Polyethylene is a good insulator and resists caustic materials. 
Polyethylene is almost unbreakable. 
Polyethylene is reliable and usable under any environmental conditions from extreme hot to extreme cold.

Polyethylene is classified according to its density and branching. 
The three main types are:
*High-density polyethylene (HDPE). 
HDPE has a low degree of branching. 
HDPE is the sturdiest and most inflexible type. 
HDPE has high tensile strength and is used to produce milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs, garbage containers and water pipes.

*Low-density polyethylene (LDPE). 
LDPE has a high degree of short- and long-chain branching, which give it a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. This gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. 
LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications, such as plastic bags and film wrap.

*Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). 
LLDPE has a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches. 
LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, and LLDPE exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. 
LLDPE is extremely tough and inflexible. 
These features are suitable for larger items, such as covers, storage bins and some types of containers.

Polyethylene materials are manufactured from natural gas derived feedstocks by two basic polymerisation processes.
The low pressure polymerisation process results in linear polymer chains with short side branches. 
Density modifications to the resultant polymer are made by varying the amount of comonomer used with the ethylene during the polymerisation process.
The high pressure polymerisation process results in polymer chains with more highly developed side branches. 

Density modifications to the resultant polymer are made by varying the temperatures and pressures used during the polymerisation process.
The physical properties of Polyethylene materials are specific to each grade or type, and can be modified by both variations in density, and in the molecular weight distribution. 
A large number of grades of Polyethylene materials are used in pipe and fittings systems and the specific properties are tailored for the particular application.

Safe plastic:
Polyethylene is a solvent-resistant plastic considered to be a safe, food-grade plastic that can also be used to cart drinkable water. 
Polyethylene contains no known harmful chemicals, unlike many other types of plastic. 
Currently, worldwide production of polyethylene is less than 1 percent of the total amount of natural gas and crude oil usage. 
Polyethylene is highly recyclable.

Extremely strong:
There are many types of polyethylene. 
High density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) all have different tensile strengths. 
HDPE is the highest and LDPE is the lowest. 
LLDPE provides high tensile strength, together with puncture and impact resistance, and LLDPE elongates when under stress.

Lightweight:
In polyethylene manufacturing, branching of carbon atoms denotes the density and hence the molecular weight of the plastic. Denser branches lead to heavier polyethylene. 
LLDPE is made at lower pressures and temperatures via copolymerisation. 
This creates a narrower molecular weight distribution than standard LDPE.

Flexible:
Lightweight polyethylene’s properties make polyethylene flexible. 
This means a lightweight unit has a less compact intermolecular structure, which creates space for movement. 
LLDPE has a narrower distribution of molecular weight.
When combined with linear structure, this creates flexibility with the ideal strength required for the particular unit.

Insulation properties:
LDPE and HDPE are commonly used in high voltage insulation systems. 
The British used LDPE and HDPE in World War II because polyethylene has very low-loss properties at very high frequency radio waves. 
Combined with LDPE and HDPE being thin and lightweight, this made LDPE and HDPE ideal for insulating communication cables.

UV stabilised:
UV stabilisers are frequently used to prevent the long-term effects of ultraviolet exposure to plastic.

Rust free:
Because polyethylene is moisture-vapour resistant, polyethylene is rust and corrosion free. 
Polyethylene stands up to weathering exposure, including salt water as well as harsh chemicals.

Good storage:
Most varieties of polyethylene have a high chemical resistance, which means they are not attacked by strong bases or acids. Most varieties of polyethylene also provide advantages of electrical and moisture-vapour resistance.

Polyethylene is one of the most widely used plastics, with applications in packaging, consumer goods, and coatings, to name just a few. 
According to The Plastics Industry Trade Association, the use of polyethylene took off after the second world war when a variety of high and low density versions were developed.
Large-scale production of these materials reduced their cost dramatically, enabling them to compete with the older plastics and with the more traditional materials such as wood, paper, metal, glass, and leather. 

The introduction of alloys and polymer blends made Polyethylene possible to tailor properties to fit certain performance requirements that a single resin could not provide.
Polyethylene starts with naphtha, or petroleum, which is extracted from crude oil and heated to release ethylene, which forms branch-like structures to become polyethylene. 
Polyethylene exists in many different branch structures. 

Different characteristics such as stiffness or elasticity can be imparted to the polyethylene during production, depending on the density of the material and its liquidity in melted form. 
The density and liquidity also largely depend on the amount of pressure applied during production. 
Producing polyethylene at low pressure forms straight, robust and tightly packed branches. 
The result is dense polyethylene with a firm and stiff structure. 
Manufacturing polyethylene at high pressure causes the particles form a crisscross of branches and side branches, resulting in a lighter, more elastic material.

Whether polyethylene has a liquid character or not depends on polyethylene's melting index, meaning how slowly or quickly the melted mass flows through a gap. 
Polyethylene melts are usually characterized rheologically in small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) as this mode of deformation can be obtained easily on a rotational rheometer. 
However, most technical processes such as blow molding are dominated by extensional deformation that interfere uni- or multiaxially with the shear flow field. 

Although plastic is composed of several different organic molecules, one in particular is called polyethylene. 
Polyethylene is an organic polymer made of several monomer subunits, and Polyethylene is one popular compound. 
Polymers are gigantic molecules that have many repeating molecules, or subunits, bound together by bonds. 
Polyethylene is composed of several monomers called ethylene molecules. 
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic, and as such, plays a distinct role in the manufacturing of plastic products. 
A thermoplastic is any polymer that can be shaped and molded as a liquid and remain in that shape as a solid. 
Polyethylene performs this task quite well. 

Polyethylene (PE) is a common yet extremely useful and cost-effective plastic polymer. 
First developed in the 1950s, PE is found nearly everywhere today from plastic grocery bags, plastic wrap, drain pipes, milk cartons, to trash cans. 
PE is an easily processed thermoplastic which can be made into a variety of shapes and forms including tubing. 
An especially convenient quality of PE is its ability to easily be altered during processing to give a variety forms that differ based on polymer chain length, density, and crystallinity. 
These characteristics allow PE products to be tailored for a variety of uses.

The properties of molecular weight and density provide for a very wide range of performance within the polyethylene family. Molecular weight is a property that is universally important. 
In all polymers, the relationship between higher molecular weight and improved performance is well established.
The short-term property that provides the best correlation to molecular weight is ductility, often referred to colloquially as toughness. 
The higher the average molecular weight of the polymer the more impact resistant it will be. 

Polyethylene may be difficult to confirm this relationship by referring only to data-sheet properties, since impact properties are most commonly measured only at room temperature and at a fixed velocity using a notched specimen. 
Factors such as processing conditions and gate location in the mold used to produce the test specimens can also influence the results of even this narrowly defined set of tests.
By far the most popular thermoplastic commodity used in consumer products (especially products created by rotational moulding), polyethylene is created through the polymerization of ethylene (i.e., ethene).

Thermoplastic resin that is representative of petrochemical products. 
Polyethylene is manufactured by polymerizing ethylene. 
Typically, Polyethylene is called low-density polyethylene (LDPE) if Polyethylene's density is under 0.94 and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) if Polyethylene has that density or higher. 
A method for manufacturing linear low-density polyethylene (L-LDPE), which has similar properties to low-density polyethylene, has been developed. 
Currently, around 40% of the polyethylene manufactured in Japan is produced using this method.

Polyethylene (PE) is the most common plastic in use today. 
In 2017 alone, over 100 million tons of PE resin were produced, mainly for applications in the packaging market, and PE makes up approximately 34 percent of all plastic produced globally. 
Polyethylene is the most common type of consumer plastic. 
This durable plastic is not biodegradable and may pose health and pregnancy risks. 
Polyethylene is the most common thermoplastic. 
Polyethylene can be melted into a liquid and converted back into solid at various times. 

Polyethylene's durability makes polyethylene attractive for businesses and consumers. 
Polyethylene does not fade or chip. 
Polyethylene is not biodegradable, but Polyethylene is recyclable. 
The higher the density the stronger the material.  
Polyethylene is a flexible thermal insulation material that has closed porosity and even cell structure. 
Polyethylene can be manufactured in the forms of sheet, pipe and cord in different size and with different technical properties and varied facing materials according to the intented use and the place of use. 

Polyethylene is used for thermal insulation and condensation control.
Polyethylene or simply polythene is a type of polymer and also known as a thermoplastic which means that Polyethylene can be melted to a liquid state and remoulded back to Polyethylene's solid state. 
Polyethylene is chemically synthesized from ethylene which can be obtained mainly from the petroleum or natural gas source. 
Polyethylene is most often abbreviated as PE. 
Put Polyethylene in the simplest manner; polyethylene is nothing but a composition of several monomers called ethylene molecules.

Polyethylene is a semi-crystalline material that is the largest thermoplastic polymer used today. 
PE is offered in a wide variety of grades such as, Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-PE) Very- High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (VHMW) and High- High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMW). 
All of these grades hold many different properties which make PE a highly sought after material for a variety of applications. 
Characteristics of PE include: toughness, excellent chemical resistance and electrical properties, low coefficient of friction, near-zero moisture absorption, light weight and ease of processing. 

*Types:    
Extruded
Compression Molded
Ram Extruded

*Material Form:    
Sheet
Rod
Tube
Custom Profiles

*Specialty Grades:    
UV Stable
Anti Static
Oil Filled
Glass Filled
High Temperature
Crosslinked
Reprocessed
Color Core/Playground board
Marine Grade
Anti Microbial
Internally Lubricated
Boron Filled (Nuclear shielding)

*Color:    
Natural (Tan)
Black
Variety of other colors available

*Sizing:    
Sheet Thickness : .0625” to 6.00”
Rod Diameters : .250” to 10.00”
Tube Diameters : .375” to 3.250”

*In house fab services:    
Cut to Size
CNC Machining
Lathe Turning

Polyethylene (PE) describes a huge family of resins obtained by polymerizing ethylene gas, H2C=CH2, and it is by far the largest volume commercial polymer. 
Polyethylene is available in a range of flexibilities and other properties depending on the production process, with high density materials being the most rigid. 
Polyethylene can be formed by a wide variety of thermoplastic processing methods and is particularly useful where moisture resistance and low cost are required. 

Low density polyethylene typically has a density value ranging from 0.91 to 0.925 g/cm³, linear low density polyethylene is in the range of 0.918 to 0.94 g/cm³, while high density polyethylene ranges from 0.935 to 0.96 g/cm³ and above.
Polyethylenes are semi-crystalline materials with excellent chemical resistance, good fatigue and wear resistance and a wide
range of properties. 
Polyethylenes are easy to distinguish from other plastics because they float in water. 
Polyethylenes provide good resistance to organic solvents, degreasing agents and electrolytic attack. 
Polyethylene is used more than any other thermoplastic polymer. 
There are a wide variety of grades and formulations available that have an equally wide range of properties. 

Benefits:
-Durability Easily fabricated
-Chemical resistance
-Abrasion resistance
-Good electrical properties
-Impact resistance
-Low coefficient of friction
-Moisture resistance 

Polyethylenes are semi-crystalline materials with excellent chemical resistance, good fatigue and wear resistance, and a wide range of properties (due to differences in length of the polymer chain.) 
Polyethylenes are easy to distinguish from other plastics because they float in water.  
Available different grades in sheet, rod, tube, film, custom profiles and molded and machined parts.
Polyethylene (PE) is the most commonly applied liner material and one of the most widely produced plastics in the world (tens of millions of tons are produced worldwide each year). 

PE liners should not be exposed to operating temperatures above 60 °C in water service. 
In hydrocarbon service (combined liquid and gas phases), the recommended maximum operating temperature is lower and depends on the fluid composition but should not exceed 50 °C.
Polyethylene is a lightweight, durable thermoplastic with variable crystalline structure. 
Polyethylene is used in applications ranging for films, tubes, plastic parts, laminates, etc. in many markets (chemical, oil & gas, packaging, automotive, electrical, etc.).
Polyethylene is made from the polymerization of ethylene (or ethene) monomer. 

Polyethylene chemical formula is (C2H4)n.
Polyethylene is one of the most widely used thermoplastics in the world and can be found in everything from grocery bags to children’s toys to shampoo bottles. 
Polyethylene can be categorized into several subcategories based on its molecular structure, each of which demonstrates unique characteristics that make it suitable for use in particular applications. 
The most common types of polyethylene are:

*Low density polyethylene (LDPE). 
LDPE exhibits flexibility, chemical resistance, and waterproofing capabilities. 
LDPE is used in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including grocery bags, plastic wrap and film, flexible packaging material, and injection molded parts.

*High density polyethylene (HDPE). 
HDPE offers greater rigidity and durability than LDPE. 
HDPE is available in translucent to opaque variation and displays excellent chemical resistance. 
Products made from HDPE include rigid packaging containers, toys, outdoor furniture and structures, kitchen equipment, and plumbing pipes.

Polyethylene is a thermosetting white solid resistant to high temperatures, most inorganic and organic chemicals, and physical impact. 
Polyethylene is also an electrical non-conductor. 
A thermosetting polymer is one that, once Polyethylene is melted and formed, can not be re-melted. 
Polyethylene is available in a variety of forms, the most common of which are high-density (HD or HDPE), low density (LD or LDPE), linear low density (LLD or LLDPE) and cross-linked (CLPE). 
These forms of the compound differ with respect to the structure of the polyethylene chains and their relationship to each other. 

For example, if all of the polyethylene chains are straight chains without branches, they can pack together tightly forming a high density product. 
By contrast, low density polyethylene consists of shorter chains with many side branches on them. 
The side branches prevent adjacent polymer chains from getting too close to each other. 
In cross-linked polyethylene, adjacent polymer chains actually form chemical bonds with each other, holding them in a regular, almost crystalline pattern.
Polyethylene is a widely used plastic that is made from ethylene in large quantities. 

This creates large hydrocarbon molecules that differ in length and degree of branching depending on the reaction conditions. Depending on this, the density and other properties of the finished plastic vary. 
In general, however, they are easily deformable, impact-resistant products of relatively low strength, hardness and rigidity, which are characterized by high chemical resistance to acids, alkalis and many other chemicals. 
Water is only absorbed in very small quantities.
The low electrical conductivity is another important characteristic of PE plastic. 

As a thermoplastic, Polyethylene can be melted and brought into the desired shape by, for example, injection molding or other common so-called primary molding processes. 
The thermoplastic properties of polyethylene are also used for the subsequent joining of different components by welding. 
PE plastic is used in various areas, although Polyethylene's relatively low melting temperature range limits Polyethylen's use at temperatures of more than 100 ° C.
Polyethylene is the most popular plastic in the world. 
Polyethylene has a very simple structure, the simplest of all commercial polymers. 

A molecule of polyethylene is a long chain of carbon atoms, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom.
Sometimes Polyethylene is a little more complicated. 
Sometimes some of the carbons, instead of having hydrogen attached to them, will have long chains of polyethylene attached to them. 
This is called branched, or low-density polyethylene, or LDPE.
When there is no branching, Polyethylene is called linear polyethylene, or HDPE, short for high density polyethylene. 
Linear polyethylene is much stringer than branched polyethylene, but branched polyethylene is cheaper and easier to make.

USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYETHYLENE:
-Polyethylene's primary use is in packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes, containers including bottles, etc.). 
-Polyethylene is a polymer, primarily used for packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes and containers including bottles). 
-Polyethylene is used in applications ranging for films, tubes, plastic parts, laminates, etc. in several markets (packaging, automotive, electrical).

-LDPE is widely used in plastic packaging, such as for grocery bags or plastic wrap. 
-HDPE, by contrast, has common applications in construction (for example, in its use in the fabrication of drain pipes). -Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) has high-performance applications in things such as medical devices and bulletproof vests.
-Polyethylene can be CNC machined or vacuum formed. 
-UHMWPE can be used to make fibers which are so strong they replaced Kevlar for use in bullet proof vests. 

-The polyethylene family of plastics consists of several grades, including high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), marine, food cutting board and playground. 
They have varied uses but share many of the same characteristics: low moisture absorption, exceptional chemical and corrosion resistance, and low cost. 
Applications include chute liners, bearing pads, bushings, cutting boards, machine parts, storage tanks, playground & recreational applications, and signage.

-Polyethylene is used extensively for components in the material handling and conveyor industries. 
-Polyethylene is used for wear strips, valves and seals that require low coefficient of friction with good wear resistance. -Other applications for polyethylene are sliding bearings, sliding pads, bearing, wear parts, wear plates, rope pulleys, scraper blades, chute, rollers, chain sprockets, chopping boards and food processing equipment.

-Conveyor guides
-Chute liners
-Chemical holding tanks
-Food processing parts
-Medical equipment
-Packaging applications
-Conveyor wear strips (HDPE)
-Piping systems (HDPE)

-Liquid dispensing equipment (HDPE)
-Marine components (HDPE)
-Food packaging 
-Medical tubing 
-Bottles and bins 
-Bulletproof vests 
-High-tensile cables 

-Wear strips
-Conveying systems
-Timing screws
-Chute linings
-Drive sprockets
-Star wheels

-Rollers
-Snow Plows
-Tanks
-Truck bed liners
-Cutting boards
-Signs
-Car wash

-Packaging
-Skid
-Plates
-Conveyer
-Systems
-Tanks
-Containers
-Truck liners 

-High density polyethylene (HDPE) is used for products such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers, and water pipes. 
-Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used in can- and bottle-handling machine parts, bearings, gears, joints, and butchers' chopping boards, and may even be found in bulletproof vests. 
-Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is used for the production of rigid containers and plastic film.
-Polyethylene can be manufactured in the forms of sheet, pipe and cord in different size and with different technical properties and varied facing materials according to the intented use and the place of use.
-Polyethylene is used for thermal insulation and condensation control.

-The mechanical properties of PE depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the molecular weight. 
For instance, the melting point and glass transition temperature depend on these variables and vary significantly with the type of polyethylene. 
For common commercial grades of medium-density and high-density polyethylene, the melting point is typically in the range 120-130°C. 
The melting point for average commercial low-density polyethylene is typically 105-115°C.

-Most LDPE, MDPE, and HDPE grades have excellent chemical resistance and do not dissolve at room temperature because of the crystallinity. 
Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene or xylene, or chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethane or trichlorobenzene.
-Polyethylene's applications are endless: from consumer products present in our daily lives, such as the cling film we wrap our food in, to industrial and technical applications, such as cables and pipes, among many others.

-Perhaps the best known product is the supermarket carrier bag, but Polyethylene is also used to make cling film, pipes, bottles, packaging, etc.
-Polyethylene is a highly resistant material, the high density version being harder and stiffer, while the low density one is more malleable. 
Polyethylene's considerable flexibility is another of its great assets: Polyethylene is elastic and stretches easily.

-Chemical drums
-Jerricans
-Carboys
-Toys
-Picnic ware
-Household and kitchenware
-Cable insulation
-Carrier bags
-Food wrapping material

-High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bottles are a popular packaging choice for the milk and fresh juice markets. 
-HDPE provides a whole host of benefits to manufacturers, retailers and consumers.
-Low density polyethylene (LDPE) with the flexibility and melt strength for containers, bottles, tubing, membranes, computer components and laboratory equipment.
-Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with the flexibility/stiffness balance and stress cracking resistance for a wide range of films and rigid packages.

-High density polyethylene (HDPE) with a balance of stiffness, toughness, ESCR, heat resistance and organoleptic properties for bottles, caps and closures, fitments, crates, pails, lids and thin wall containers.
-High molecular weight high density polyethylene (HMWHDPE) for pipe, large drums, industrial bulk containers and lumber.
-Medium density polyethylene (MDPE) with a balance of stiffness, toughness, ESCR and sintering properties for rotomolded articles such as recreational playground equipment, kayaks and industrial bulk containers and tanks.

-Tough ultra-density polyethylene for armor, climbing equipment and parachutes.
-The LDPE or LLDPE form is preferred for film packaging and for electrical insulation.  
HDPE is blow-moulded to make containers for household chemicals such as washing-up liquids and drums for industrial packaging. 
HDPE is also extruded as piping.

-Agriculture.
-Automotive industry.
-Well-being and Consumer products.
-Building and Infrastructure.
-Packaging.
-Healthcare and Household.
-Stretch Film
-Food Grade Poly Bags
-Tape (PE)
-Plastic Sheeting

-Polyethylene has a wide range of usage. 
Container, kitchenware, plastic box, plastic tube, pipe, toy coating, insulating layers of cables, PE, which is frequently used in packaging film production, can be preferred as much as Polyethylene's functionality and low cost. 
-In addition,Polyethylene finds itself a wide range of use in the construction of supermarket bags, nylon bag and sacks, plastic bottle making.
-From a chemical point of view, Polyethylene is a basic plastic material, used as a raw material in the processing industry to make a wide range of finished products, from clingfilm or plastic wrap for packaging, bottles and industrial containers to more sophisticated products such as vehicle tanks, solar panels, medical prostheses and “smart” packaging.

-Plastic containers represent the most common household use of high-density polyethylene. 
At the opposite end of the spectrum is low density polyethylene (‘LDPE’), which was the first type of polyethylene to be developed. 
Flexible packaging represents the most common household use of low-density polyethylene. 
Both high- density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene are also commonly used for moulding applications. 
Linear low-density polyethylene (‘LLDPE’) can usually be manufactured at a slightly lower cost than low density polyethylene and has similar basic properties. 
While low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene are to a certain extent substitutable for each other, one may be more suitable than the other for a specific application. 

-Polyethylene is processed using all known plastics processing methods - extrusion, extrusion blowing, injection molding, pneumatic molding and rotational molding.
-The primary application of Polyethylene is in packaging. 
-Polyethelyne is often used to make plastic bags, bottles, plastic films, containers, and geomembranes.
-Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic in the world. 
Polyethylene can be processed into any shape for flexible or hard and strong products. 
-Polyethylene is used for lining tubes and tanks, and to wrap pipes to protect against corrosive materials.

-The most important application of polyethylene is in packaging products. 
Polyethylene is often employed for the production of plastic bags, plastic films, bottles, geomembranes, and containers.
-Polyethylene is also used in crates, trays, jugs that carry milk or fruit juices, and other food packaging products.
-High-density polyethylene is used in toys, garbage containers, ice trays, and other houseware. 
The versatility of Polyethylene makes Polyethylene ideal for a wide spectrum of applications.
-HDPE is also used in ropes, fishing nets, agricultural nets, and industrial fabrics. 
Polyethylene is not uncommon for this plastic to be used in wirings and cables as well.

-Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely used in the production of squeeze bottles, garbage bags, laminations, and food packaging due to Polyethylene's high flexibility and low cost.
-LDPE is also used in pipes and fittings. 
Polyethylene is ideal for such applications due to Polyethylene's low water absorption and also due to Polyethylene's plasticity.
-Polyethylene is also used for cable jacketing since Polyethylene is a good insulator of electric current.
-The primary uses of polyethylene are in packaging film, garbage bags, grocery bags, insulation for wires and cables, agricultural mulch, bottles, toys, and houseware. 

-Polythene is also used in trays, fruit juice containers, milk containers, crates, and food packaging products.
-Low density polyethylene (LDPE) = the oldest and the most frequently used of polyethylene. 
LDPE is used in the shrink film manufacture.
-Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) = LLDPE's mechanical properties are better than those of LDPE. 
LLDPE is non-shrinkable and LLDPE is used for the thin films manufacture.
-Metallocene polyethylene (MPE) = MPE’s a last generation linear polyethylene with enhanced mechanical and optical characteristics.

-High density polyethylene (HDPE) = easy to recognize due to HDPE's cloudy appearance and HDPE's crunchy touch. 
-HDPE used for the high rigidity and tenacity thin film manufacture.
-Kitchen accessories, medical products, sporting goods, gardening products, etc. (injection moulding)
-Outdoor equipment, toys, kayaks, etc. (rotational moulding)
-Metal corrosion protection coatings (extrusion coating)
-Hoses, tubes, pipes (profile extrusion)
-Shrink wrap, garbage bags, plastic bags, cereal packets, drink bottles, a variety of food packaging (film extrusion)

-High-density PE (HDPE) has a comparatively more linear morphology and higher degree of crystallinity than low-density PE (LDPE). 
HDPE is lightweight and possesses good tensile strength, while LDPE exhibits good chemical resistance. 
PE can be further modified by resin manufacturers to increase PEs structural and functional properties. 
PE polymer chains can be extended to produce ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) PE to give a very dense PE product. 
Linear LDPE (LLDPE) has a greater proportion of short branches resulting greater flexibility.

-An important area of ​​application for PE plastic is packaging such as plastic bags, foils, bottles, etc. 
Also for pipes in gas and water supply or The material is used for waste water disposal, as well as for insulation in electrical cables, for the construction of various devices or Device parts and in mechanical engineering.

WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of POLYETHLENE?
Polyethylene is primarily made up of the monomer ethylene.
Ethylene is a chemical compound with the formula C2H4.
Polyethylene is a gaseous hydrocarbon which can be generated by ethane cracking. 
Ethylene molecules are essentially made up of two methylene units which are linked together by a double bond between the two carbon atoms. 

This structure can be represented by the formula CH2=CH2. 
This double bond can be broken by placing the molecule under the influence of polymerization catalysts. 
The resulting extra single bond can be employed to link another carbon atom to the ethylene molecule. 
Thus, the ethylene molecule can be made into a large, polymeric molecule.

WHAT IS CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE?
Cross-linked polyethylene, often abbreviated to PEX or XPE, is a type of polyethylene that features a cross-linked chemical structure. 
The primary application of cross-linked polyethylene is in the construction of pipework systems and radiant heating and cooling systems. 
Polyethylene is also used for domestic water piping and as insulation for high voltage electric cables.

MANNER and SCOPE of THE POLYETHYLENE'S USE:
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely produced and used plastic, accounting for over 30 percent of the total world production of plastics. 
PE is a thermoplastic and belongs to the group of standard-art materials. 
A distinction is made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (called LDPE). 
HDPE is harder and stiffer than LDPE, can withstand higher temperatures, is less permeable by gases and more resistant to chemicals. 
LDPE is tougher, more stretchable and more flexible than HDPE. 
Over 50 percent of all plastic packaging is made of PE, the predominant share (2012: 32 percent of all plastic packaging) of LDPE and LLDPE.

POLYETHYLENE USE DURING MANUFACTURING:
The source product of PE -ethylene – is derived from crude oil or natural gas. 
Like other chemical raw materials, however, ethylene may also be produced from non-fossil, plant-based carbon sources. 
In Brazil, a sugarcane-based PE (GreenPE) is distributed, which is no different from conventional PE in terms of its chemical makeup and its processing properties.

COLLECTION / SORTING / RECYCLING of POLYETHYLENE:
The nationwide dual system in Germany collects PE from households which are then used for packaging for retail sale.
Using near-infrared technology allows the individual types of synthetic materials in the sorting plants to be separated. Today a sorting accuracy of up to 98 percent is achieved.
PE is 100 percent recyclable. 

With help from the various material-related processes, the used synthetic material packaging can be either remelted directly into new products or processed into regranulate. 
This grained recycled synthetic material is a cost efficient alternative to new material and high-quality raw material for the synthetic material processing industry.
The product range for recycled PE is diverse: films, garbage bags, canisters and drums, trash cans, drinking water pipes, landfill liners, cable insulations.

GREEN POLYETHYLENE:
Green PE is a bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) for extrusion, injection molding and blow molding
Green PE is a bio-based polyethylene produced from the renewable raw material sugar cane. 
As a drop-in, Bio-PE is a regenerative alternative to fossil polyethylene (PE). 
This bio-based and 100% recyclable plastic is used primarily in packaging for food and cosmetics as well as in household products, sporting goods and toys.

PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENE:
The properties of polyethylene can be divided into mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties.

*Mechanical:
Polyethylene is of low strength, hardness and rigidity, but has a high ductility and impact strength as well as low friction. Polyethylene shows strong creep under persistent force, which can be reduced by addition of short fibers. 
Polyethylene feels waxy when touched.

*Thermal:
The commercial applicability of polyethylene is limited by Polyethylene's low melting point compared to other thermoplastics. For common commercial grades of medium- and high-density polyethylene the melting point is typically in the range 120 to 130 °C (248 to 266 °F). 
The melting point for average commercial low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 °C (221 to 239 °F). 
These temperatures vary strongly with the type of polyethylene, but the theoretical upper limit of melting of polyethylene is reported to be 144 to 146 °C (291 to 295 °F). 
Combustion typically occurs above 349 °C (660 °F).

*Chemical:
Polyethylene consists of nonpolar, saturated, high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. 
Therefore, Polyethylene's chemical behavior is similar to paraffin. 
The individual macromolecules are not covalently linked. 
Because of their symmetric molecular structure, they tend to crystallize; overall polyethylene is partially crystalline. 

Higher crystallinity increases density and mechanical and chemical stability.
Most LDPE, MDPE, and HDPE grades have excellent chemical resistance, meaning that they are not attacked by strong acids or strong bases and are resistant to gentle oxidants and reducing agents. 
Crystalline samples do not dissolve at room temperature. 

Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, or in chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethane or trichlorobenzene.
Polyethylene absorbs almost no water. 
The gas and water vapour permeability (only polar gases) is lower than for most plastics; oxygen, carbon dioxide and flavorings, on the other hand, can pass Polyethylene easily.

Polyethylene can become brittle when exposed to sunlight, carbon black is usually used as a UV stabilizer.
Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and gives off an odour of paraffin (similar to candle flame). 
Polyethylene cannot be imprinted or bonded with adhesives without pretreatment. 
High-strength joints are readily achieved with plastic welding.

*Electrical:
Polyethylene is a good electrical insulator. 
Polyethylene offers good electrical treeing resistance; however, Polyethylene becomes easily electrostatically charged (which can be reduced by additions of graphite, carbon black or antistatic agents).

*Optical:
Depending on thermal history and film thickness, Polyethylene can vary between almost clear (transparent), milky-opaque (translucent) and opaque. 
LDPE has the greatest, LLDPE slightly less, and HDPE the least transparency. 
Transparency is reduced by crystallites if they are larger than the wavelength of visible light.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS of POLYETHYLENE:
*MONOMER:
The ingredient or monomer is ethylene (IUPAC name ethene), a gaseous hydrocarbon with the formula C2H4, which can be viewed as a pair of methylene groups (−CH2−) connected to each other. 
Typical specifications for Polyethylene purity are <5 ppm for water, oxygen, and other alkenes contents. 
Acceptable contaminants include N2, ethane (common precursor to ethylene), and methane. 
Ethylene is usually produced from petrochemical sources, but also is generated by dehydration of ethanol.

*POLIMERIZATION:
Ethylene is a stable molecule that polymerizes only upon contact with catalysts. 
The conversion is highly exothermic. 
Coordination polymerization is the most pervasive technology, which means that metal chlorides or metal oxides are used. 
The most common catalysts consist of titanium(III) chloride, the so-called Ziegler–Natta catalysts. 
Another common catalyst is the Phillips catalyst, prepared by depositing chromium(VI) oxide on silica. 
Polyethylene can be produced through radical polymerization, but this route has only limited utility and typically requires high-pressure apparatus.

HOW IS POLYETHYLENE MADE?
Polyethylene, like other plastics, starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels (ethane in this case) into lighter groups called “fractions,” some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerization or polycondensation). 
Polyethylene is made via the polymerization process. 
Hydrocarbon fuels are distilled into lighter groups called monomers, which are then brought into contact with a catalyst to start the polymerization process. 

Coordination polymerization, which involves metal chlorides and oxides, is most common, but polyethylene can also be produced using the radical polymerization process.
Polyethylene is available in many types, grades, and formulations with different properties. 
The most common types of polyethylene can be broken up into branched versions, linear versions, and cross-linked polyethylenes. 
Popular branched versions include low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), while popular linear versions include high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).

COMMON TYPES of POLYETHYLENE:
Polyethylene belongs to polyolefin family of polymers and is classified by Polyethylene's density and branching. 
The most common types of polyethylene are listed below. 

*Branched Versions:
-Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
-Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

*Linear Versions:
-High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
-Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

*Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE)

In addition, Polyethylene is also available in other types, such as but not limited to:

-Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE)
-Ultra low-density polyethylene (ULDPE)
-High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE)
-Metallocene polyethylene (mPE)
-Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

CLASSIFICATION of POLYETHYLENE:
Polyethylene is classified by Polyethylene's density and branching. 
Polyethylene's mechanical properties depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the molecular weight. 
Polyethylene can be classified into several different types based on the density of the plastic and the degree of branching in its structure. 

The type of branching and the extent of branching has a direct impact on the mechanical properties of the plastic. 
Therefore, different types of polyethylene exhibit different mechanical properties. 
Polyethylene can also be noted that the low-density polyethylene exhibits lowe crystallinity than high density polyethylene. The crystallinity of polythene is known to range from 35% for low-density polyethylene to 80% for high-density polyethylene.

There are several types of polyethylene:
-Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
-Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene (ULMWPE or PE-WAX)
-High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE)
-High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
-High-density cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE)
-Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE)
-Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE)
-Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)
-Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
-Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE)
-Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE (UHMWPE):
UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million amu. 
The high molecular weight makes UHMWPE a very tough material, but results in less efficient packing of the chains into the crystal structure as evidenced by densities of less than high-density polyethylene (for example, 0.930–0.935 g/cm3). 
UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although Ziegler catalysts are most common. 
Because of UHMWPE's outstanding toughness and UHMWPE's cut, wear, and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is used in a diverse range of applications. 

These include can- and bottle-handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks, steel cable replacements on ships, and butchers' chopping boards. 
UHMWPE is commonly used for the construction of articular portions of implants used for hip and knee replacements. 
As fiber, UHMWPE competes with aramid in bulletproof vests.
Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene or UHMWPE has a molecular weight about 10 times higher (usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million amu) than High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) resins. 

UHMWPE is synthesized using metallocene catalysts and ethane units resulting is structure where ethane units are bonded together resulting in UHMWPE structure typically having 100,000 to 250,000 monomer units per molecule.
UHMWPE has excellent mechanical properties such as high abrasion resistance, impact strength and low coefficient of friction. 
The material is almost totally inert, therefore UHMWPE is used in the most corrosive or aggressive environments at moderate temperatures. 

Even at high temperatures, UHMWPE is resistant to several solvents, except aromatic, halogenated hydrocarbons and strong oxidizing materials, such as nitric acid.
These special properties allow the product to be used in several high-performance applications.
UHMWPE is suitable for high wear applications such as tubes, liners, silos, containers and other equipment.
Linear polyethylene can be produced in ultrahigh-molecular-weight versions, with molecular weights of 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 atomic units, as opposed to 500,000 atomic units for HDPE. 

These polymers can be spun into fibres and then drawn, or stretched, into a highly crystalline state, resulting in high stiffness and a tensile strength many times that of steel. 
Yarns made from these fibres are woven into bulletproof vests.
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) is an extremely dense version of polyethylene, with molecular weights typically an order of magnitude greater than HDPE. 
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) can be spun into threads with tensile strengths many times greater than steel and is frequently incorporated into bulletproof vests and other high-performance equipment.

UHMWPE polyethylene has a molecular weight numbering in the millions of daltons, usually between 3.1 and 5.67 million daltons. 
The high molecular weight results in less efficient packing of the chains into the crystal structure as evidenced by densities less than high density polyethylene (e.g. 0.930 - 0.935 g/cm3). 
The high molecular weight results in a very tough material. 
UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although Ziegler catalysts are most common.

Because of UHMWPE's outstanding toughness, cut, wear and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is used in a wide diversity of applications. 
These include can and bottle handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks, butchers' chopping boards. 
UHMWPE competes with aramid in bulletproof vests, as Spectra (or Dyneema) fibers.

UHMWPE is light weight (1/8 the weight of steel), high tensile strength, and is easily machined. 
UHMWPE is the ideal material for many wear parts in machinery and equipment as well as a superb lining in material handling systems and storage containers.
UHMWPE is self-lubricating, shatter resistant, long-wearing, abrasion and corrosion resistant. 
UHMWPE meets FDA and USDA acceptance for food and pharmaceutical equipment and is a good performer in applications up to 180 °F (82 °C) or when periodically cleaned with live steam or boiling water to sterilize.

Light weight (1/8 the weight of mild steel), high in tensile strength, and as simple to machine as wood, UHMWPE is the ideal material for many wear parts in machinery and equipment as well as a superb lining in material handling systems and storage containers. 
UHMWPE is self-lubricating, shatter resistant, long-wearing, abrasion and corrosion resistant. 
UHMWPE meets FDA and USDA acceptance for food and pharmaceutical equipment and is a good performer in applications up to 180 °F (82 °C) or when periodically cleaned with live steam or boiling water to sterilize.

Benefits:
-Durability
-Easily fabricated
-Chemical resistance
-Abrasion resistance
-Electrical properties
-Impact resistance
-Low coefficient of friction
-Moisture resistance 

Applications:
-Tanks and containers
-Food storage containers
-Laboratory equipment
-Disposable formed products
-Surface structures
-Vacuum formed end caps and tops
-Moisture barrier 

HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE):
HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. 
HDPE has a low degree of branching. 
The mostly linear molecules pack together well, so intermolecular forces are stronger than in highly branched polymers. 
HDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler–Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts; by choosing catalysts and reaction conditions, the small amount of branching that does occur can be controlled. 

These catalysts prefer the formation of free radicals at the ends of the growing polyethylene molecules. 
They cause new ethylene monomers to add to the ends of the molecules, rather than along the middle, causing the growth of a linear chain.
HDPE has high tensile strength. 
HDPE is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs, garbage containers, and water pipes. 

Representing the largest portion of the polyethylene applications, HDPE offers excellent impact resistance, light weight, low moisture absorption, and high tensile strength. 
HDPE is also non-toxic and non-staining and meets FDA and USDA certification for food processing.

One-third of all toys are manufactured from HDPE.
HDPE is manufactured at low temperatures and pressures, using Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalysts or activated chromium oxide (known as a Phillips catalyst). 
The lack of branches in its structure allows the polymer chains to pack closely together, resulting in a dense, highly crystalline material of high strength and moderate stiffness. 
With a melting point more than 20 °C (36 °F) higher than LDPE, HDPE can withstand repeated exposure to 120 °C (250 °F) so that HDPE can be sterilized. 

Products include blow-molded bottles for milk and household cleaners; blow-extruded grocery bags, construction film, and agricultural mulch; and injection-molded pails, caps, appliance housings, and toys. 
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a robust, moderately stiff plastic with a highlypolyethylene-hdpe-trashcan-1 crystalline structure. 
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is frequently used in plastic for milk cartons, laundry detergent, garbage bins, and cutting boards.

HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. HDPE has a low degree of branching and thus stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. 
HDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. 
The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst (e.g. chromium catalysts or Ziegler-Natta catalysts) and reaction conditions.

HDPE is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes. 
HDPE is also widely used in the production of fireworks. 
In tubes of varying length (depending on the size of the ordnance), HDPE is used as a replacement for the supplied cardboard mortar tubes for two primary reasons. 

One, HDPE is much safer than the supplied cardboard tubes because if a shell were to malfunction and explode inside ("flower pot") an HDPE tube, the tube will not shatter. 
The second reason is that they are reusable allowing designers to create multiple shot mortar racks. 
Pyrotechnicians discourage the use of PVC tubing in mortar tubes because it tends to shatter, sending shards of plastic at possible spectators, and will not show up in X-rays.

This type of polyethylene is tougher and more resistant. 
This is why HDPE is included in packaging formulations that require special durability. 
Also for mechanical components, gas pipes, etc.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) consists mostly of straight chain molecules that are held together by intermolecular forces. The absence of side branches ensures that the chains are tightly compacted together. 

This high density results in HDPE that is moderately stiff, making HDPE suitable for applications like cutting boards, juice containers, plastic lumber, and toys. 
HDPE has a good chemical resistance, and remains tough at very low temperatures (-76 degrees Fahrenheit). 
HDPE has a waxy surface texture, which is weatherproof.
HDPE (High density polyethylene) is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. 

HDPE has a low degree of branching. 
The mostly linear molecules pack together well, so intermolecular forces are stronger than in highly branched polymers. 
HDPE has high tensile strength. 
HDPE is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs, garbage containers, and water pipes. 
One-third of all toys are manufactured from HDPE. 
In 2007, the global HDPE consumption reached a volume of more than 30 million tons.

The density of HDPE ranges from 0.940 to 0.970 g/cm3, the molecular morphology is different from LDPE; the branching on long carbon chains is negligible. 
Thus, HDPE is a crystalline (or semi-crystalline) polymer. 
Good resistance to water and chemicals. 
Light and outdoor conditions are not as durable as LDPE. 
This resistance can be increased with special fillings. 

Mechanical properties are very good, especially impact and tensile strength is high. 
With some fillers, the properties are further improved. 
Normally the tensile strength is around 225-350 kgf/cm2. 
The temperature resistance is above 100 °C.
HDPE is suitable for many forming methods such as injection, extrusion, powder coating, film drawing, rotary molding. 
Keeping the injection mold temperature at 50-70 °C increases the quality of the product exiting the device. 

HDPE is also suitable for electrical applications.
In contrast to LDPE and LLDPE, high-density polyethylene has a linear structure and little to no branching. 
HDPE’s flexible but still rigid, weather-resistant, and holds up in the presence of low temperatures. 
HDPE has good UV resistance and is sometimes used in outdoor furniture. 
HDPE also has a higher tensile strength than other forms of polyethylene. 
HDPE is frequently used in plastic milk cartons, garbage bins, cutting boards, and even laundry detergent bottles. 
However, HDPE’s prone to stress cracking and has poor heat-resistance.

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) has a specific density of 0.941-0.959 g/cm3. 
HDPE is characterized by excellent rigidity, wear-resistance, chemical resistance and surface gloss. 
Since HDPE is more rigid than other polyethylenes, HDPE is used for blow molding of bottles, barrels and cans and the extrusion of gas and water pipes. 
When mixed with LDPE, HDPE is well suited for the production of films since LDPE and HDPE are fully compatible. 
This polyethylene is highly suitable for the production of foam materials for thermal insulation and for protection from mechanical damages (PPE).

High Density Polyethylene, also identified as HDPE, is a thermoplastic polymer commonly used to manufacture plastic laboratory supplies like beakers, bottles, flasks, specimen containers, test tubes, and many others. 
HDPE is exceptionally strong thanks to HDPE's linear structure. 
With HDPE's light weight, durability, and malleability, HDPE is a perfect material for injection molding. 
HDPE’s strength and chemical resistant properties makes HDPE an ideal candidate for vacuum bottles. 
HDPE bottles are frequently used in the biotechnology field for cell harvesting, degasification, and liquid aspiration.
HDPE can withstand short periods of heating with its melting point ranging from 259°F - 267°F (126°C - 131°C) but starts weakening at 160°F. 
HDPE Bottles and laboratory supplies made from HDPE should not be used in applications that require autoclaving.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is one of the most widely used thermoplastic polymers, produced by the polymerization of ethylene. 
HDPE possesses good impact strength in spite of its low strength and ductility and is also known for its chemical resistance properties. 
HD Polyethylene has a typical density of more than 0.941 g/(cm)^3and is used to produce pipes, films, shopping bags, containers, drums, cans, caps and closures, toys, etc. 
HDPE's versatile properties make HDPE popular in the packaging, construction, infrastructure, consumer and personal care, and home care industries.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), usually shortened to HDPE or PEHD, is a plastic polymer with flexible properties that make it ideal for a wide range of applications.
High-density polyethylene, as the name suggests, has a higher specific density than low-density polyethylene, though this difference is only marginal. 
What makes the difference in the physical properties of HDPE is the lack of branching, meaning it is light with high tensile strength. 
As there is no branching, the structure is more closely packed, making HDPE a linear polymer. 
The branching can be controlled and reduced by using specific catalysts during production.

HDPE has many advantageous properties that make it important in the manufacturing of different products.
HDPE has a comparatively high density compared to other polymers, with a specific gravity of 0.95.
HDPE is relatively hard and resistant to impact and can be subjected to temperatures of up to 120 °C  without being affected.
HDPE is not autoclavable, unlike Polypropylene (PP). 
Autoclaving conditions are used to sterilize products using high pressures and temperatures. 
For more information regarding PP, please read the following article.

HDPE is recognizable by HDPE's opaque or translucent appearance.
These durable properties make HDPE perfect for heavy-duty containers and HDPE is primarily used for milk containers, as well as Tupperware, shampoo bottles, bleach bottles, and motor oil bottles. 
HDPE also does not absorb liquid readily, making it a good barrier material for liquid containers. 
Almost a third (around eight million tons) of HDPE produced worldwide is used for these types of containers.
Furthermore, HDPE is an extremely resistant material to many chemicals, hence its widespread use in healthcare and laboratory environments. 

HDPE is resistant to many acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, bases and oils.
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. 
HDPE has a low degree of branching and thus stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. 
HDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. 
The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst.

High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum. 
As one of the most versatile plastic materials around, HDPE plastic is used in a wide variety of applications, including plastic bottles, milk jugs, shampoo bottles, bleach bottles, cutting boards, and piping. 
Known for HDPE's outstanding tensile strength and large strength-to-density ratio, HDPE plastic has a high-impact resistance and melting point.

Besides HDPE's use for food applications, HDPE can be found in unusual places, including:
-Wood plastic composites
-Plastic surgery, specifically skeletal and facial reconstruction
-Snowboards
-Shoe Lasts
-3-D printing filament
-Food and beverage containers

HDPE is a hydrocarbon polymer prepared from ethylene/petroleum by a catalytic process. 
HDPE is a kind of thermoplastic which is famous for HDPEs tensile strength. 
HDPEs unique properties can stand high temperatures.
HDPE is a high-impact-strength, polyethylene that exhibits excellent tensile strength, energy absorption, abrasion resistance, and resistance to stress cracks. 
Compared with low-density polyethylene, HDPE offers better corrosion resistance, a higher working temperature range, and higher tensile strength. 

HDPE also is lightweight and does not absorb moisture. 
HDPE is ideal for the manufacture of chemically resistant products and meets FDA and USDA food processing guidelines.
Representing the largest portion of the polyethylene applications, HDPE offers excellent impact resistance, light weight, low
moisture absorption, and high tensile strength. 
HDPE is also non-toxic and non-staining and meets FDA and USDA certification for food processing

High-density polyethylene or HDPE is a commonly used petroleum thermoplastic and the most used of the three polyethylenes for a wide range of applications. 
If you look at this plastic under a microscope, you would see that HDPE has a linear structure with few branches lending to its optimal strength/density ratio. 
As a result of its molecular makeup, this polymer shines brightest in applications where moisture resistance and cost-effectiveness are needed.

HDPE was created in the 1930s and used in high-frequency radar cables during World War II. 
HDPE was introduced to the market commercially soon after. 
While HDPE's higher density versions yield a more rigid result, HDPE can vary in flexibility. 
Low-density grades of the thermoplastic are less stiff and the high-density grades have equally high crystallinity.

Benefits:
-Abrasion Resistant
-High impact resistance
-Low coefficient of friction
-Abrasion resistant
-Scratch and marking resistant
-Chemical resistant

Applications:
-Food cutting boards
-Corrosion resistant covers
-Pipe flanges
-Radiation shielding
-Self-supporting containers
-Prosthetic devicesWater and moisture resistant

Advantages:
-Cost-effective
-Can withstand temperatures from -148 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit
-Non-leaching
-UV-resistant
-Dishwasher safe
-Resistant to most chemical solvents
-Stiff material

PROPERTIES of HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE):
-HDPE Melting point: 120-140°C
-Density of HDPE: 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm3
-High Density Polyethylene Chemical resistance:
-Excellent resistance to most solvents
-Very good resistance to alcohols, dilute acids and alkalis
-Moderate resistance to oils and greases
-Poor resistance to hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated)
-Continuous temperature: -50°C to +60°C, relatively stiff material with useful temperature capabilities
-Higher tensile strength compared to other forms of polyethylene
-Low cost polymer with good processability
-Good low temperature resistance
-Excellent electrical insulating properties
-Very low water absorption

HDPE Properties:
Flexible, translucent/waxy, weatherproof, good low temperature toughness (to -60'C), easy to process by most methods, low cost, good chemical resistance.
HDPE Physical Properties:    
Tensile Strength: 0.20 - 0.40 N/mm2
Notched Impact Strength: no break
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion: 100 - 220 x 10-6
Max. Continued Use Temperature:    65 oC (149 oF)
Melting Point: 126 oC (259 oF)
Density: 0.941 - 0.965 g/cm3

APPLICATIONS of HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE):
Excellent combination of properties makes HDPE an ideal material in diverse applications across industries. 
HDPE can be engineered according to the end use requirements.
HDPE in Packaging and Consumer Good Applications some of the major uses of high density polyethylene include:

*Packaging Applications:
High Density Polyethylene is used in several packaging applications including crates, trays, bottles for milk and fruit juices, caps for food packaging, jerry cans, drums, industrial bulk containers etc. 
In such applications HDPE provides the end product a reasonable impact strength.

*Consumer Goods:
Low cost and easy processability make HDPE a material of choice in several household/ consumer goods like garbage containers, housewares, ice boxes, toys etc.

*Fibers and Textiles:
Thanks to its high tensile strength, HDPE is widely used for agricultural applications, such as in ropes, fishing and sport nets, nets as well as industrial and decorative fabrics.

Other applications of HDPE include pipes and fittings (pipes for gas, water, sewage, drainage, sea outfalls, industrial application, cable protection, steel pipe coating, large inspection chambers and manholes for pipe sewage etc.) due to its excellent resistance to chemical and hydrolysis, automotive – fuel tanks, wiring & cables – sheeting of energy, telecommunication cables.

Other uses for HDPE include:
-Plastic shopping bags
-Trays
-Tanks
-Food containers 
-Pipe fittings
-Hinges
-Cutting boards
-Wear plates

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS of HDPE PLASTICS?
Industrial-grade, FDA, NSF, and USDA-approved food-quality High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) boards are engineered to be low maintenance, safe and long lasting. 
Their textured surface provides a grip to hold food safely.

Additional benefits include all of the following:

*Easily Meltable and Moldable
One of the primary benefits of this plastic material comes from its inherent malleability. 
With this in mind, HDPE in particular excels. 
Thanks to a high melting point, HDPE remains rigid until very high temperatures. 
However, once HDPE’s reached HDPEs melting point, the plastic material can be quickly and efficiently molded for use across a variety of unique applications including cutting boards, detergent bottles, milk jugs, food storage containers, corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes, plastic lumber, and so much more.

*Corrosion Resistance
HDPE resists mold, mildew, and rotting, making HDPE the ideal material for underground piping used to deliver water. 
Long-lasting and weather-resistant, HDPE can be sterilized by boiling, making HDPE an ideal material for food and beverage containers.
Additionally, HDPE can withstand most strong mineral acids and bases and has excellent resistance to naturally occurring chemicals found in soil. 
Moreover, the material is virtually impervious to most common chemicals, water, solvents, acids, detergents, and cleaning fluids.

*Large Strength to Density Ratio
The density of HDPE can range from 0.93 to 0.97 g, although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than LDPE (low-density polyethylene).
However, when under the microscope, HDPE’s linear structure means the material has little branching, which offers HDPE stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength than LDPE. 
HDPE’s for this reason that a 60-gram HDPE container can safely carry over a gallon of liquid or roughly eight pounds of weight.

*Easily Recycled
Considering how much plastic we use in our day-to-day lives, one of the most important factors when deciding on a material is plastic recycling. 
Fortunately, HDPE plastic is easily recyclable, helping keep non-biodegradable waste out of landfills, while helping reduce plastic production by up to 50 percent! 
If you’re looking for a cost-effective, environmentally responsible material, HDPE may be the plastic for you.

WHY USE HDPE?
HDPE often replaces heavier materials which help companies and individuals alike pursue sustainable and affordable manufacturing and project goals. 
Thanks to HDPEs high malleability, rigid strength, and corrosion resistance. 
HDPE is the perfect combination of strength, cost-efficiency, and environmental friendliness.
According to one report, "Nonporous surfaces like plastic or glass are easier to clean than wood and thus better in terms of food safety. 
Wood is naturally porous, and those tiny fissures and grooves in wooden cutting boards can harbor bacteria. 
Which is why cutting boards made of wood aren't allowed in commercial kitchens."

MARINE GRADE HDPE
Marine grade HDPE is formulated to meet the specific requirements of marine and other outdoor environments. 
Special post-production treatment enhances its ability to withstand the effects of salt water, moisture, and direct sunlight. Like regular HDPE, this material exhibits high impact strength as well as excellent tensile strength, energy absorption, abrasion resistance, and resistance to stress cracks. 
In addition to Marine grade HDPE's resistance to marine and other outdoor conditions, Marine grade HDPE has a decorative, textured surface that does not show wear, dirt, or scratches and is available in a variety of colors. 
Marine grade HDPE is manufactured as a continuous extrusion therefore, Marine grade HDPE is guaranteed not to delaminate during the service-life of the end-product. 

BENEFITS OF HDPE BOTTLES:
*Recyclable: HDPE bottles are 100% recyclable so material can be used over and over again
*Sustainable: HDPE offers opportunities to integrate recycled material back into the supply chain
*Easy to lightweight: HDPE bottles offer significant lightweighting opportunities

*Adaptable: the only bottle type of plastic that can be used as a monolayer bottle for pasteurised milk, or as a coextruded bottle with barrier layers for UHT or sterilised milk
*Easy to use: the only type of packaging that allows an integrated handle and pouring aperture to enable controlled grip and pour

*Safe and secure: the only type of packaging that can have either an external tamper evident closure, or an induction heat seal closure, to prevent leaking, preserve product freshness and show up evidence of tampering
*Commercial: HDPE bottles offer a full range of marketing opportunities, e.g. printing direct onto the material, printing direct onto the sleeve or label, and the ability to amend the shape so that it stands out on the shelf
*Innovative: ability to push boundaries and achieve new milestones with innovative use of blow moulding equipment.

HOW IS HDPE RECYCLED?
HDPE is accepted at most recycling centers in the world, as HDPE is one of the easiest plastic polymers to recycle.
First, the plastic is sorted and cleaned, to remove any unwanted debris. 
The plastic then needs to homogenized, so that only HDPE will be processed. 
If there are other plastic polymers in the batch, this can ruin the recycled end-product.
HDPE has a specific density of 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm3. 

This is much lower than that of PET which is 1.43-1.45 g/cm3, meaning that these plastic polymers can be separated by using sink-float separation. 
However, HDPE has a similar specific density to PP, which means the sink-float separation cannot be used. 
In this case, Near-Infrared Radiation (NIR) techniques can be used, unless the plastic is too dark and absorbs the infrared waves.

HDPE is then shredded and melted down to further refine the polymer. 
HDPE is then cooled into pellets which can be used in manufacturing.
Recycling plants can also benefit from the use of a baler, which can compress the post-consumer waste to minimize the energy used in transport.
Small steps at home can also be taken to recycle HDPE. 

With regards to milk bottles, these can easily be reused if washed out thoroughly first. 
To reduce packaging waste, buying plastic bottles in bulk is another good option.
Equally, carrier bags can also be reused when going shopping. 
Many large supermarkets also offer collection points for used carrier bags to be recycled. 

Some plastic films contain a message to recycle these with carrier bags at the supermarket and not to leave ‘kerbside’.
Recycling of HDPE is aided by the resin code on the product, which is an indiscriminate number assigned to different plastic polymers to help separate plastics at the recycling stage. 
The resin identification code for high-density polyethylene is ‘2’.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS of RECYCLING HDPE
The worldwide market for HDPE is huge, with a market volume of around 30 million tons per year.
The amount of plastic used in plastic bags has reduced by around 70% in the last 20 years thanks to the introduction of reusable canvas bags and using biodegradable materials, but the majority of bags are still produced from HDPE. 
Furthermore, there is a growing market for HDPE containers in China and India due to increased standards of living, as well as  higher demand for HDPE pipes and cables due to rapidly growing industries.

Recycling HDPE has many benefits. 
For example, HDPE is more cost-efficient to produce a product from recycled HDPE than HDPE is to manufacture ‘virgin’ plastic.
HDPE, like many plastic polymers, is produced using considerable amounts of fossil fuels and it takes a total of 1.75kg of oil to manufacture just 1kg of HDPE.

Many new products can be manufactured using recycled HDPE, including:
-Rope
-Toys
-Piping
-Recycling bins
-Trash cans

CROSS-LINKED POYETHYLENE (PEX or XLPE):
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing cross-link bonds introduced into the polymer structure, changing the thermoplastic into a thermoset. 
The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, its flow is reduced, and its chemical resistance is enhanced. PEX is used in some potable-water plumbing systems because tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple and it will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight connection.

High-density crosslinked polyethylene, or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with crosslinked structure specifically designed for critical applications.
XLPE ApplicationsCross linked polyethylene is produced from polyethylene under high pressure with organic peroxides which creates a free radical. 

The free radical generates the crosslinking of the polymer which results in a resin that is specifically designed for critical applications like chemical storage pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems, and insulation for high voltage electrical cables.
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing cross-link bonds introduced into the polymer structure. 

The cross-linking changes the thermoplast into an elastomer. 
The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, PEX's flow is reduced and its chemical resistance is enhanced. 
PEX is used in some potable water plumbing systems, as tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple, and PEX will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight connection.

High-density cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is a cross-linked polyethylene designed specifically for critical applications like chemical storage pipework systems and insulation for high-voltage electrical cables. 
XLPE’s hydrolysis-resistant and potable water-approved with excellent abrasion resistance and electrical properties.

KEY FEATURES of XLPE:
-High and low temperature
-Hydrolysis resistance
-High electrical and insulation properties
-High abrasion resistance
-Potable water approved
-High extrusion speed on standard lines
-Lower cost
-Mechanically tougher 

MEDIUM-DENSITY POYETHYLENE (MDPE):
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926–0.940 g/cm3. 
MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler–Natta catalysts, or metallocene catalysts. 
MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. 
MDPE also is less notch-sensitive than HDPE; stress-cracking resistance is better than HDPE. 

MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags, and screw closures.
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926-0.940 g/cm3. 
MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. 

MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. 
MDPE also is less notch sensitive than HDPE, stress cracking resistance is better than HDPE. 
MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags, screw closures.

Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) has a specific density of around 940 kg/m3. 
MDPE is highly shock- and fracture-resistant. 
Medium-density polyethylene has better scratch- and crack-resistance compared to HDPE (high-density polyethylene). 
MDPE is used for the production of conventional and shrink films, bags, shopping bags and screw caps.

MDPE (Medium Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm3. 
MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts.

WHAT IS MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (MDPE), and WHY IS IT SO USEFUL?
Medium Density Polyethylene is a type of polyethylene, one of the most widely used plastic materials in the UK. 
Polyethylene itself is a thermoplastic polymer with an extremely large range of applications.
There are two other types of polyethylene – the super pliable LDPE, and the stiff, tough HDPE.
As a highly versatile material, the uniquely specific denisty of MDPE allows it to strike a useful balance between those two. It has many of the same strength characteristics of HDPE, including a great impact resistance against drops and other shocks, but retains the excellent flexibility of LDPE. 

The combination of these attributes means that it can be used for applications not suited to either of the other two materials, such heavy cables (more on that in a moment).
As well as sharing the insulation resistance of most plastic materials, MDPE also has a high resistance to heat, and better stress cracking resistance, or notch sensitivity.
(Basically, notch sensitivity is defined as how easily a single crack, scratch, or notch in a material can widen into a serious fracture, affecting its overall integrity. 
Ductile materials like LDPE tend to have low notch sensitivity, while brittle substances like HDPE will have a higher notch sensitivity.)

WHAT IS MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (MDPE) USED FOR?  
As we touched on above, the qualities of MDPE means (MDPE) can be used for a diverse range of applications. 
(MDPE)’s often used for water piping, plumbing and waste water plumbing. 
Another application is electrical cables, as the hardness of the MDPE sheathing protects it from sharp objects being dropped or loaded onto the cable, while still allowing enough give to actually move the cable around.
(MDPE)'s impressive shock resistance and low notch sensitivity also makes (MDPE) highly practical for liquid containers, such as water and oil tanks. 
These durable products are often used and abused in indoor and outdoor conditions throughout the year – as is children’s play equipment, which is yet another common application.

LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE):
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3. 
LDPE has a high degree of short- and long-chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. 
LDPE has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. 
This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. 

LDPE is created by free-radical polymerization. 
The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. 
LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap. 
The radical polymerization process used to make LDPE does not include a catalyst that "supervises" the radical sites on the growing PE chains. (In HDPE synthesis, the radical sites are at the ends of the PE chains, because the catalyst stabilizes their formation at the ends.) 

Secondary radicals (in the middle of a chain) are more stable than primary radicals (at the end of the chain), and tertiary radicals (at a branch point) are more stable yet. 
Each time an ethylene monomer is added, it creates a primary radical, but often these will rearrange to form more stable secondary or tertiary radicals. 
Addition of ethylene monomers to the secondary or tertiary sites creates branching.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a semi-rigid and translucent polymer. 
Compared to HDPE, Low-Density Polyethylene has a higher degree of short and long side-chain branching. 
Low-Density Polyethylene is produced at high pressure (1000-3000 bar; 80-300°C) via free radical polymerization process.
The LDPE is composed of 4,000-40,000 carbon atoms, with many short branches.
Two basic processes used for the production of low-density polyethylene: stirred autoclave or tubular routes. 

The tubular reactor has been gaining preference over the autoclave route due to LDPE's higher ethylene conversion rates.
LDPE is prepared from gaseous ethylene under very high pressures (up to about 350 megapascals, or 50,000 pounds per square inch) and high temperatures (up to about 350 °C [660 °F]) in the presence of oxide initiators. 
These processes yield a polymer structure with both long and short branches. 
Because the branches prevent the polyethylene molecules from packing closely together in hard, stiff, crystalline arrangements, LDPE is a very flexible material. 

LDPE's melting point is approximately 110 °C (230 °F). 
Principal uses are in packaging film, trash and grocery bags, agricultural mulch, wire and cable insulation, squeeze bottles, toys, and housewares. 
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a very flexible material with unique flow properties that makes LDPE particularly suitable for shopping bags and other plastic film applications. 
LDPE has high ductility but low tensile strength, which is evident in the real world by LDPE's propensity to stretch when strained.

LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910-0.940 g/cm3. 
LDPE has a high degree of short and long chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. 
LDPE has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. 
This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. 
LDPE is created by free radical polymerization. 
The high degree of branches with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. 
LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap.

This thermoplastic has an endless number of uses. 
LDPE is present in the composition of plastic bags, cling film, bottles, toys, etc. 
LDPE's flexibility is greater than high-density polyethylene. 
LDPE's processing method is simple, using the same procedures as for all thermoplastics (extrusion or injection, for example). 
But LDPE’s difficult to print or paint on LDPE.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is formed with both long and short branches in the polymer chains. 
The presence of these branches keeps the chains from being too tightly packed together, giving LDPE a flexibility that makes LDPE suitable for applications like plastic bags, wire insulation, and plastic wrap. 
LDPE is highly resistant to most chemicals including acids, bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and vegetable oils. 
LDPE also has a very low water absorption.

LDPE (Low density polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3. 
LDPE has a high degree of short- and long-chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. 
LDPE has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. 
This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. 
The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. 
LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap. 
In 2013, the global LDPE market had a volume of almost US$33 billion.

The density of LDPE ranges from 0.910 to 0.930 g/cm3, due to the extremely long branching in the polymer chains, LDPE is amorphous, flexible, very resistant to rupture and unaffected by chemicals. 
The maximum usable temperature is 80°C. 
The melting temperature is 120°C. 
LDPE is a flexible and wrinkle-free plastic.
LDPE is one of the most demanding polymers, is economical, LDPE is used to obtain many plastic products film bottles, luggage, frozen food packages, toys etc.

This semi-rigid, flexible thermoplastic has good weatherability, high-impact strength, and excellent electrical insulating properties. 
LDPE’s unique flow properties make LDPE ideal for making shopping bags and plastic films. 
Even though low-density polyethylene is highly ductile, LDPE has a very low tensile strength, as evidenced by LDPE's stretchiness. 
Like HDPE, this material has poor heat-resistance — in fact, LDPE’s highly flammable — which limits LDPE's usage in high-temperature applications. 

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has a specific density of 0.91-0.925 g/cm3. 
Low-density polyethylene is characterized by high rigidity, crack-resistance, transparency, flexibility and high elongation, plus low shrinkage during molding.
LDPE has a melting point of 105°C. 
Low-density polyethylene is water-resistant, not reactive in contact with alkali, salt solutions, organic and inorganic acids. 
Low-density polyethylene is insoluble at room temperature and does not swell in any known solvents. 
Around 80% of LDPE is used for the production of films, mainly packaging films, as well as cable insulation and extrusion when producing cardboard coatings and other materials.

LDPE has a highly branched chain structure with a combination of small and large side chains. 
The density of LDPE ranges between 910-940 kg/m3 and LDPE exhibits high flexibility and retention of properties at low temperatures.
The main use for LDPE in piping is in the micro irrigation or dripper tube applications with sizes up to 32 mm diameter.
LDPE materials may be modified with elastomers (rubber modified) to improve Environmental Stress Crack Resistance (ESCR) values in micro irrigation applications where pipes operate in exposed environments whilst carrying agricultural chemicals.

LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.910 - 0.940 g/cm3. 
LDPE has a high degree of short and long chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. 
LDPE has therefore less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. 
This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. 
LDPE is created by free radical polymerization. 
The high degree of branches with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties.

LDPE is a corrosion and chemical resistant, extruded material with low moisture absorption. 
LDPE is further characterized by LDPE's toughness, flexibility, and low-temperature impact resistance. 
LDPE is easily fabricated, vacuum-formed, and welded. 
LDPE is resistant to stress-cracking and often used for transporting water and chemicals. 
LDPE also meets FDA food processing guidelines.

LDPE offers good corrosion resistance and low moisture permeability. 
LDPE can be used in applications where corrosion resistance is important, but stiffness, high temperature, and structural strength are not. 
A highly flexible product, LDPE is used widely in orthopaedic products, or where mobility without stress fatigue is desired. 
LDPE is also frequently used in consumer packaging, bags, bottles, and liners. 

LDPE offers good corrosion resistance and low moisture permeability. 
LDPE can be used in applications where corrosion resistance is important, but stiffness, high temperatures, and structural strength are not. 
A highly flexible product, LDPE is used widely in orthopaedic products, or where mobility without stress fatigue is desired. LDPE is also frequently used in comsumer packaging, bags, bottles, and liners. 

Benefits:
-Lightweight
-Formable
-Impact Resistant
-Good electrical properties
-Easily cleaned
-Easily Fabricated

Applications:
-Chemical resistant tank and containers
-Food storage containers
-Laboratory equipment
-Corrosion resistant work surfaces
-Vacuum formed end caps and tops
-Moisture barrier 

PROPERTIES of LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE):
-LDPE Melting point: 105 to 115°C
-Density of LDPE: 0.910–0.940 g/cm3
-Chemical resistance of LDPE:
-Good resistance to alcohols, dilute alkalis and acids
-Limited resistance to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils, oxidizing agents and halogenated hydrocarbons
-Temperature resistance up to 80°C continuously and 95°C for shorter times.
-Low cost polymer with good processability
-High impact strength at low temperature, good weatherability
-Excellent electrical insulating properties
-Very low water absorption
-FDA compliant
-Transparent in thin film form

LDPE Properties:
Semi-rigid, translucent, very tough, weatherproof, good chemical resistance, low water absorption, easily processed by most methods, low cost.
LDPE Physical Properties:    
Tensile Strength: 0.20 - 0.40 N/mm2
Notched Impact Strength: no break
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion: 100 - 220 x 10-6
Max. Continued Use Temperature:    65 oC (149 oF)
Melting Point: 110 oC (230 oF)
Glass Transition Temperature: -125 oC (-193 oF)
Density: 0.910 - 0.940 g/cm3

APPLICATIONS of LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE):
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) uses majorly revolve around manufacturing containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipments. 
The most popular application of low-density polyethylene is plastic bags.

*Packaging:
Thanks to its low cost and good flexibility, LDPE is used in packaging industry for pharmaceutical and squeeze bottles, caps and closures, tamper evident, liners, trash bags, films for food packaging (frozen, dry goods, etc.), laminations etc.

*Pipes and Fittings:
Low-Density Polyethylene is used to manufacture water pipes and hoses for the pipes and fittings industry due to Its plasticity and low water absorption.

*Other applications:
include consumer goods - housewares, flexible toys, agricultural films, wiring & cables - sub-conductor insulators, cable jacketing.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HDPE and LDPE
Since they are fundamentally composed of the same polymerized ethylene molecules, LDPE and HDPE share many characteristics. For example, both materials exhibit the following properties:

*Low material weight
Tensile strength ranging from 0.20 to 0.40 N/mm2
High impact strength
Resistance to chemicals, water vapor, and weathering
High recyclability
Low cost of manufacture and fabrication
When employed in injection molding operations, both materials also demonstrate the following:

*Melt temperatures of 180 ̊ to 280 ̊ C (355 ̊ to 535 ̊ F)
Fast injection speeds
Drying of finished part not necessary
The similarities in the above characteristics, among others, make LDPE and HDPE suited to similar applications. 
Some of the industries that commonly use both materials include:
-Automotive
-Electrical
-Hydraulics and pneumatics
-Packaging
-Pipe and piping

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LDPE and HDPE
While LDPE and HDPE share many characteristics, their fundamentally different internal compositions result in many differences as well. 
The polymer chains that make up both materials are branched in LDPE, whereas, in HDPE, the polymers have a more crystalline structure. 
This difference in polymer organization leads to distinct characteristics in each material.

DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL CHARACTERİSTİCS 
LDPE is softer and more flexible than HDPE. 
LDPE also has a lower melting point (115° C) and is more transparent. 
Compared to HDPE, LDPE is more likely to crack under stress.
HDPE is rigid and durable and offers greater chemical resistance. 
HDPE's higher melting point (135° C) allows HDPE to withstand higher temperatures than LDPE. 
HDPEs more crystalline structure also results in greater strength and opacity of the material.

DIFFERENCES IN RECYCLABILITY 
Both LDPE and HDPE are recyclable; however, they must be recycled separately. 
LDPE is classified under recycling number 4, and HDPE under recycling number 2.
Depending on the product, LDPE can also be more difficult to recycle as it is softer and can get caught in recycling machinery. 
HDPE is easier to transport and run through recycling equipment.

DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCTION METHODS 
LDPE is produced by compressing monomer ethylene gas in an autoclave or tubular reactor to facilitate polymerization—i.e., the linking of monomers into polymer chains.
HDPE is created by heating petroleum to very high temperatures. 
This process releases the ethylene gas monomers, which then combine to form polymer chains.

LINEAR LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE):
LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm3. 
LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene). 
LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, and it exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. 
Lower-thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better environmental stress cracking resistance, but they are not as easy to process. 

LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. 
Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. 
LLDPE is used for cable coverings, toys, lids, buckets, containers, and pipe. 
While other applications are available, LLDPE is used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility, and relative transparency. 
Product examples range from agricultural films, Saran wrap, and bubble wrap to multilayer and composite films. 

LLDPE is produced by polymerization of ethylene (or ethane monomer) with 1-butene and smaller amounts of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using Ziegler-Natta or metallocene catalysts. 
LLDPE is structurally similar to LDPE.
The structure of LLDPE has a linear backbone with short, uniform branches (unlike longer branches of LDPE). 
These short branches are able slide against each other upon elongation without becoming entangled like LPDE.
In the present-day scenario, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been quite successful in replacing Low Density Polyethylene.

LLDPE is structurally similar to LDPE. 
LLDPE is made by copolymerizing ethylene with 1-butene and smaller amounts of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using Ziegler-Natta or metallocene catalysts. 
The resultant structure has a linear backbone, but LLDPE has short, uniform branches that, like the longer branches of LDPE, prevent the polymer chains from packing closely together. 

Overall, LLDPE has similar properties to LDPE and competes for the same markets. 
The main advantages of LLDPE are that the polymerization conditions are less energy-intensive and that the polymer’s properties may be altered by varying the type and amount of LLDPE's chemical ingredients.
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) is very similar to LDPE, but offers added advantages. 
Specifically, the properties of LLDPE can be altered by adjusting the formula constituents, and the overall production process for LLDPE is typically less energy-intensive than LDPE.

LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915-0.925 g/cm3. 
LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer, with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins, mentioned above. 
LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE. 
Exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. 

Lower thickness (gauge) films can be blown compared to LDPE, with better environmental stress cracking resistance compared to LDPE but is not as easy to process.
Although various applications are available, LLDPE is used predominantly in packaging film, due to its toughness, flexibility, and relative transparency. 
LLDPE is also used for cable covering, toys, lids, buckets, and containers.

Linear Low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is similar to LDPE, but consists of largely linear chains with many short side branches. 
LLDPE is often produced using copolymerization of ethylene with alpha-olefins like 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. 
The characteristics of the finished pLLDPE can be manipulated through adjusting the constituent formula.

LLDPE (Linear low density polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm3. 
LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches. 
LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, and LLDPE exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. 
Lower thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better environmental stress-cracking resistance, but is not as easy to process. 

LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. 
Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. 
LLDPE is used for cable coverings, toys, lids, buckets, containers, and pipe. 
While other applications are available, LLDPE is used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility, and relative transparency. 
Product examples range from agricultural films, Saran wrap, and bubble wrap, to multilayer and composite films. 

In 2013, the world LLDPE market reached a volume of US$40 billion.
This type of polyethylene is flexible with good stress, crack, impact, and chemical resistance. 
LLDPE also has a high impact strength. 
LLDPE is structurally similar to LDPE and can even replace LLDPE in some applications, but LLDPE has a few key advantages. LLDPE’s properties can be altered by adjusting the polymer formula, and LLDPE’s less labor-intensive to produce than LDPE. 
LLDPE is primarily used to make different kinds of film.

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) has a melting point of 122°C. 
Advantages: high softening temperature (which allows to use it for hot products packaging), excellent performance characteristics at low and high temperatures, surface gloss and crack-resistance. 
LLDPE is used for the production of stretch films, shrink films and bags for heavy-weight goods and waste. 
LLDPE is used for the production of frozen food packaging due to its performance characteristics at low temperatures. 
The use of LLDPE in the production of stretch films is rapidly growing.

LLDPE has a chain structure with little side branching and the resultant narrower molecular weight distribution results in improved ESCR and tensile properties when compared to LDPE materials. 
LLDPE materials may be used either as a single polymer or as a blend with LDPE, in micro irrigation applications to take advantage of the material flexibility.
LLDPE (Linear-Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.915 - 0.925 g/cm3. is a substantially linear polymer, with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (e.g. 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene).

PROPERTIES of LLDPE:
-Very flexible with high impact strength
-Translucent and natural milky color
-Excellent for mild and strong buffers, good chemical resistance
-Good water vapor and alcohol barrier properties
-Good stress crack and impact resistance

APPLICATIONS of LLDPE: 
Suitable for a variety of film application such as general-purpose film, stretch film, garment packaging, agricultural film, etc.

VERY-LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (VLDPE):
VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880–0.915 g/cm3. 
VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with high levels of short-chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). 

VLDPE is most commonly produced using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. 
VLDPEs are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.

Recently, much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. 
In HDPE, a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps one in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the rheological properties of the polymer.
VHMW has a higher molecular weight over HDPE and offers properties that fall between HDPE and UHMW. 

VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880-0.915 g/cm3. 
VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer, with high levels of short chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins. 
VLDPE is most commonly produced using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. 

Different grades of VLDPE are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap, as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.
Recently, much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. 
In HDPE, a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps 1 in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the rheological properties of the polymer.

ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE (UWMPE):
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UWMPE) has extremely long chains and can be spun into threads with a higher tensile strength than steel. 
The strength of the intermolecular forces between the long straight chains creates a sturdy material with a very high impact strength. 
UWMPE is used in applications like bullet proof vests. 
Like other polyethylene types, UHMWPE is resistant to most chemicals, with the exception of oxidizing acids. 
UWMPE also has a low moisture absorption, but UWMPE's self-lubricating properties make UWMPE highly resistant to abrasion.

BENEFITS of POLYETHYLENE FILMS:
PE films burn to carbon dioxide and water with no residue. 
There are no toxic fumes or gases and no cinders produced in this process.
PE films contain no plasticizers and no heavy metals. 
They are physiologically harmless.
No odor pollution or wastewater are produced in the manufacture of PE films.

RECYCLING of POLYETHYLENE:
Recycled polyethylene is obtained as a result of removal of the removed plastic and the production of recycled resin. Polyethylene can then be blended with untreated polyethylene, extruded and the film can be obtained and converted into bag and tubing production. 
Recycled polyethylene is not as clear as untreated polyethylene.

COPOLYMERS of POLYETHYLENE:
In addition to copolymerization with alpha-olefins, ethylene can be copolymerized with a wide range of other monomers and ionic composition that creates ionized free radicals. 
Common examples include vinyl acetate (the resulting product is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, or EVA, widely used in athletic-shoe sole foams) and a variety of acrylates. 
Applications of acrylic copolymer include packaging and sporting goods, and superplasticizer, used in cement production.

Ethylene can be copolymerized with a number of other compounds. 
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), for instance, is produced by the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate under pressure, using free-radical catalysts. 
Many different grades are manufactured, with the vinyl acetate content varying from 5 to 50 percent by weight. 

EVA copolymers are more permeable to gases and moisture than polyethylene, but they are less crystalline and more transparent, and they exhibit better oil and grease resistance. 
Principal uses are in packaging film, adhesives, toys, tubing, gaskets, wire coatings, drum liners, and carpet backing.
Ethylene-acrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers are prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerization, using free-radical catalysts. 

The acrylic acid and methacrylic acid repeating units, making up 5 to 20 percent of the copolymers.
The acidic carboxyl (CO2H) groups in these units are neutralized with bases to form highly polar ionic groups distributed along the polyethylene chains. 
These groups, drawn together by their electric charge, cluster together in “microdomains,” stiffening and toughening the plastic without destroying its ability to be molded to permanent shapes. (Ionic polymers of this type are called ionomers.) 

The ethylene-acrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acid ionomers are transparent, semicrystalline, and impervious to moisture. 
They are employed in automotive parts, packaging film, footwear, surface coatings, and carpet backing. 
One prominent ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer is Surlyn, which is made into hard, tough, abrasion-resistant golf-ball covers. 
Other important ethylene copolymers are the ethylene-propylene copolymers.

In addition to copolymerization with alpha-olefins (as noted for producing LLDPE and VLDPE), ethylene can also be copolymerized with a wide range of other monomers. 
Common examples include:
-copolymerization with vinyl acetate, producing ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), widely used in athletic shoe sole foams
-copolymerization with a variety of acrylates, yielding products used in packaging and sporting goods

TYPES of POLYETHYLENE:
The particular material properties of "polyethylene" depend on its molecular structure. 
Molecular weight and crystallinity are the most significant factors; crystallinity in turn depends on molecular weight and degree of branching. 
The less the polymer chains are branched, and the lower the molecular weight, the higher the crystallinity of polyethylene. Crystallinity ranges from 35% (PE-LD/PE-LLD) to 80% (PE-HD). 
Polyethylene has a density of 1.0 g/cm3 in crystalline regions and 0.86 g/cm3 in amorphous regions. 
An almost linear relationship exists between density and crystallinity.

CHAIN BRANCHES of POLYETHYLENE:
The properties of polyethylene are highly dependent on type and number of chain branches. 
The chain branches in turn depend on the process used: either the high-pressure process (only PE-LD) or the low-pressure process (all other PE grades). 
Low-density polyethylene is produced by the high-pressure process by radical polymerization, thereby numerous short chain branches as well as long chain branches are formed. 

HOW to PROCESS POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC?
Various forms of Polyethylene can be used in processes like injection molding, blow molding, extrusion and various film creation processes such as calendaring or blown film extrusion.
High density polyethylene can be easily processed by injection molding, extrusion (tubes, blow and cast films, cables, etc.), blow molding and rotomolding. 

Being and ideal material for injection molding process, it is majorly used for batch and continuous production.
The most common processing technique used for Low Density Polyethylene is extrusion (tubes, blow and cast films, cables...). Low Density Polyethylene can be processed by injection molding or rotomolding also.
UHMWPE is processed variously by compression molding, ram extrusion, gel spinning, and sintering. It conventional methods such as injection, blow or extrusion molding, because this material does not flow even at temperatures above its melting point.

PE (mainly HDPE) is gradually gaining popularity as a 3D Printing material. 
PE's strength, low density, and non-toxicity make it ideal for a wide range of 3D printed objects. 
Additionally, recycled polyethylene grades and bio-based PE are also used for processing by 3D Printing. 
The sheer availability of PE is encouraging efforts to apply this material for additive manufacturing.

WHAT ARE the CHARACTERISTICS of POLYETHYLENE?
Polyethylene is classified as a “thermoplastic” (as opposed to “thermoset”), based on the way the plastic responds to heat. Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their melting point (110-130 degrees Celsius in the case of LDPE and HDPE respectively). 

A useful attribute of thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and reheated again without significant degradation. 
Instead of burning, thermoplastics like polyethylene liquefy, which allows them to be easily injection molded and then subsequently recycled. 

By contrast, thermoset plastics can only be heated once (typically during the injection molding process). 
The first heating causes thermoset materials to set (similar to a 2-part epoxy), resulting in a chemical change that cannot be reversed. 
Different types of polyethylene exhibit wide variability in their crystalline structures. 

The less crystalline (or amorphous) a plastic is, the more it demonstrates a tendency to soften gradually; that is, the plastic will have a wider range between their glass transition temperature and their melting point. 
Crystalline plastics, by contrast, exhibit a rather sharp transition from solid to liquid.
Polyethylene is a homopolymer, as Polyethylene is composed of a single monomer constituent (in this case, ethylene: CH2=CH2).

WELDING POLYETHYLENE:
Since Polyethylene is a thermoplastic Polyethylene can be melted and joined. 
When welding, the temperature is raised above the melting point (110 – 135oC) to a temperature of about 250oC using a hot air gun for hand welding or a heated plate for butt- welded pipes.
When hand welding PE a filler rod is pushed into the melt. 

When butt-welding pipe the two ends are heated and pushed together for 10 to 15 seconds.
At the melted surface the carbon chains intertwine and cool. 
Successful welds need a sufficiently high temperature and pressure at the melted surfaces for a long enough time to let the carbon chains mesh well.
A ‘cold weld’ occurs if the melt temperature is too low. 
A weak failure prone weld results which break away from the parent material.

HISTORY of POLYETHYLENE:
Polyethylene was first synthesized by the German chemist Hans von Pechmann, who prepared Polyethylene accidentally in 1898, while heating diazomethane. 
When his colleagues Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich Tschirner characterized the white, waxy substance he had obtained, they recognized that Polyethylene contained long -CH2- chains and called it polymethylene.

Polyethylene was first synthesized by the German chemist Hans von Pechmann, who prepared Polyethylene by accident in 1898. 
Industrial production of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) began in 1939 in England. 
Because polyethylene was found to have very low-loss properties at very high frequency radio waves, commercial distribution in Britain was suspended on the outbreak of World War II in order to produce insulation for UHF (ultra high frequency) and SHF (super high frequency) cables of radar sets.

PRODUCTION of POLYETHYLENE:
Polyethylene is produced by the polymerization of ethylene (ethene), which is the building block called a monomer. 
Ethylene has the chemical formula C2H4. 
Each molecule of ethylene consists of two methylene (CH2) groups connected by a double bond. 
Polyethylene can be produced by various methods: Radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, cationic addition polymerization, or ion coordination polymerization. 
Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene. 
Some types of polyethylene are made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.

PROPERTIES and FEATURES of POLYETHYLENE WAX:
PE wax is derived from ethylene through a process called polymerization. 
Manufacturers alter the polymerization process to get a product with desired qualities. 
However, certain basic properties of the material are common for all PE wax.

As a completely saturated ethylene homopolymer, polyethylene wax is linear and crystalline. 
That is why Polyethylene wax finds applications such as blends, plastic additives and rubber manufacture. 
Due to Polyethylene wax's high crystalline nature, this material has unique features such as hardness at high temperatures and low solubility in a wide range of solvents.
Polyethylene wax is thermoplastic, so you can guess how Polyethylene wax behaves when exposed to heat. 

Thermoplastics melt at 110 °C. 
An interesting feature of these materials is the ability to be heated and cooled without extensive degradation.
Polyethylene wax also features limited poly disparity and molecular weight. 
Consequently, Polyethylene wax is highly resistant to chemical attacks, has unmatched heat stability and is very flexible in formulating applications.

The characteristics of Polyethylene wax:
-High softening point
-High melting point
-Excellent thermal stability
-High chemical resistance
-Highly compatible with wax varieties
-Perfect lubrication
-Perfect head resistance

IDENTIFYING POLYETHYLENE WAX:
Polyethylene wax can be either low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). 
Generally, HDPE tends to be more dense and crystalline, so you could distinguish the two if you have a way of determining these properties.
Nevertheless, you can use various methods to identify PE wax from other materials, such as sight, touch, and smell.
This wax is similar to plastic sheets. 

Polyethylene wax is a semi-translucent yellow material. 
Polyethylene wax has a gloss surface. 
If you cut a PE wax, there are neither impurities nor any separation.
Polyethylene wax has lubricant properties, which you can feel by touch. 
At room temperature, PE wax is brittle and fragile. 

This is unlike a fake version, which is rough and greasy.
If you want to test the material, consider boiling Polyethylene wax in water for five minutes. 
Real PE wax does not change in shape. 
If the wax contains paraffin or any other impurity, you will know Polyethylene wax through shape change.
PE wax is heat-stable, lowly soluble, chemically resistant and hard. 

Combining these features with abrasion resistance and broad melting points makes Polyethylene wax the undisputable choice for a wide range of industrial applications.
Whether you want to process rubber, manufacture textiles, modifier plastic or coat corrugated board, there is a grade available. 

USES of POLYETHYLENE WAX:
*A recent survey by Transparency Market Research identified the PE wax market to include plastic additives, candles, cosmetics and rubber. 
Others are packaging, lubricants, wood and coatings.

*The wax finds application in a wide range of industries because of Polyethylene wax's desirable physical and chemical properties. 
As the material can have a broad range of melt points, densities and other properties, Polyethylene wax is understandable why Polyethylene wax is used so extensively.

*The emulsifiable variety is particularly crucial in the textile industry. 
Polyethylene wax is also used in paper coating, leather auxiliaries, crayons and cosmetics. 
The non-emulsifiable type is most common in printing ink, pigment concentrates and paints.

*In the textile sector, polyethylene wax probably finds the most intensive application. 
Emulsions made from the wax offer stable softening. 
While they resist acids and other chemicals, these emulsions are friendly to the fabric – with no yellowing of fabrics, no colour change and no chlorine retention.

*The packaging sector is also using polyethylene wax intensively. 

*The coating industry has historically used waxes. 
The importance of wax is that it adds water-repellency, better slip, and mark resistance among other features. 

*When used correctly, polyethylene wax introduces the following:
-Anti-sagging
-Anti-settling
-Abrasion resistance
-Marking resistance
-Mar resistance
 
*In the inks industry, Polyethylene wax presents similar advantages. 
Most ink types contain polyethylene wax as a way to improve the coefficient of friction and increase scuff resistance.

PREPARATION of POLYETHYLENE:
The primary constituent of polyethylene is ethylene (an organic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C2H4; IUPAC name: ethene). 
For the production of polyethylene, the typical specifications involve less than 5 parts per million of oxygen, water, and other alkenes.  
Since ethene is a relatively stable molecule, its polymerization requires suitable catalysts. 
One of the most commonly used catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene is titanium(III) chloride (which is sometimes referred to as a Ziegler-Natta catalyst).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENE:
The mechanical strength of polyethylene is relatively lower than other plastics. 
The rigidity and the hardness of these polymers are also relatively low.
Polyethylene is known to be highly ductile. 
Furthermore, this plastic is known to possess very high impact strength.
This synthetic polymer exhibits strong creep when placed under a persistent force.

Polyethylenes usually have a waxy texture.
The melting points of commercial grades of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) lie in the range of 120 – 180 degrees Celsisus.
The melting point of the commercially available low-density polyethylene (LDPE) usually lies in the range of 105 – 115 degrees Celsius.
Polyethylene is known to be a very good insulator of electric current since Polyethylene offers high electrical treeing resistance.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENE:
Polyethylene is made up of nonpolar saturated hydrocarbons with very high molecular weights. 
This is believed to be the reason why the chemical properties exhibited by polyethylene is quite similar to those of paraffin. 
Polyethylene can be noted that the individual polyethylene macromolecules are not linked via covalent bonds. 
However, these molecules crystallize due to their rather symmetric molecular structures. 

Therefore, polythene can be considered as a partially crystalline plastic. 
The greater the crystallinity of the polymer, the greater Polyethylen's density and chemical stability.
Polyethylene is important to note that most types of polyethylene have very high chemical resistance towards acids and alkalis (including LDPE, MDPE, and HDPE). 
Polyethylene is also resistant towards weak oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents. 
Most polyethylenes are known to be soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons like xylene or toluene under elevated temperatures.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYETHYLENE:
Appearance Form: powder
Color: light graywhite
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 100 - 120 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 48 - 110 °C at 12 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): May form combustible dust concentrations in air.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,97 g/cm³ at 25 °C
Water solubility: at 20 °C insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety informatio: No data available
-Flexible, translucent/waxy, weatherproof, good low temperature toughness (to -60'C), easy to process by most methods, low cost, good chemical resistance.
Tensile Strength: 0.20 - 0.40 N/mm²
Notched Impact Strength: no break Kj/m²
Thermal Coefficient of expansion: 100 - 220 x 10-6
Max Cont Use Temp: 65 oC
Density: 0.944 - 0.965 g/cm3

FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area. 

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYETHYLENE:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). Safety glasses.

*Skin protection:
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet, supplied by us and for the designated use. When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN374 please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min

*Respiratory protection:
Required when dusts are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYETHYLENE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.
Storage stability
Recommended storage temperature: -20 °C

FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYETHYLENE:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYETHYLENE:
-Reactivity: No data available
-Chemical stability: The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: No information available
-Conditions to avoid: No information available