POWERCON 100

POWERCON 100

CAS No. : 36290-04-7

Synonyms:
Sodium Salt of Poly(naphthalenesulfonic acid); POWERCON-100 HS 10%; power con; powercon100; poverkon 100; Sodium naphthalene sulfonate solution; Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE; 1-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid, Monosodium salt; FT-0631758; N0015; Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution; Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate, >=90% (HPLC); Q-200128; Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate, technical grade, 80%; Sodium naphthalene sulfonate solution (40% or less); naphthalene-1-sulfonate; 1-naphthalenesulfonate; alpha-naphthalenesulfonate; naphthalene-1-sulfonate(1-); Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate; 532-02-5; Sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; Sodium naphthalene-2-sulphonate; 2-Naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt; UNII-R5F0CTD2OJ; Sodium-2-naphthalenesulfonate; Sodium naphthalene-6-sulfonate; Sodium beta-naphthalenesulfonate; beta-Naphthalenesulfonic sodium salt; NSC 7415; EINECS 208-523-8; R5F0CTD2OJ; Sodium salt of beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1:1); naphthalene sulfonate solution; Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; 1-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid, Monosodium salt; FT-0631758; N0015; Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution; Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate; naphthalenesulfonate; naphthalene sulfonate; naphthalene; 91-20-3; Naphthalin; Naphthene; Camphor tar; Tar camphor; White tar; Albocarbon; Naphthaline; Moth flakes; Moth balls; naphtalene; Dezodorator; Naftalen; Mighty 150; napthalene; RCRA waste number U165; Mighty RD1; naftaleno; Mothballs; Naftalen [Polish]; Caswell No. 587; naftalina; naphtaline; naphthalen; Naphthalene [BSI:ISO]; Naphtalene [ISO:French]; Naphthalene, pure; amaranth dye; amido black; congo red; suramin; trypan blue; naftalin sülfonat; powercon 100; powercon100; Naphthalenesulfonate; NS; SNS; Naphthalenesulphonate; Naphthalene sulfonate; Naphthalene sulphonate; sulfonate naphthalene; spolostan; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate; 130-14-3; sodium naphthalene-1-sulfonate; 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Sodium naphthalenesulphonate; Sodium naphthalene sulfonate; 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1:1); alpha salt; Sodium alpha-naphthalenesulfonate; 1321-69-3; Naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid sodium salt; Sodium naphthalene-1-sulphonate; Sodium alpha-naphthylsulfonate; EINECS 204-976-0; Sodium alpha-naphthalenesulfonic acid; naphthaline-1-sulfonic acid; Sodiumnaphthalene-1-sulfonate; SODIUM 1-NAPHTHALENESULFONATE; Sodium naphthalene-1-sulphonate; Sodium1-Naphthalenesulfonate> 1-Naphthalene Sulphonic acid (Na); 1-NAPTHALENE SULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT; 1-NAPHTHALENESULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT; NAPHTHALENE-1-SULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT; 1-NAPHTHALENE SULPHONIC ACID SODIUM SALT; NSC 37036; Sodium |A-naphthalene; alpha-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt; ACMC-209bhj; sodium naphthalenesulfonate; sodium naphthalene sulphonate; Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution (40% or less); EINECS 215-323-4; NSC 37565; Naphthalene, molten; Naphthalene, 99%; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 055801; Naphthalene, crude or refined; Naphthalene, analytical standard; Naphtalinum; NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE; Naphthalinum; CAS-91-20-3; Naphthalene, 99+%, scintillation grade; 2-naphthalen; 1-Naphthalene; 2-Naphthalene; Naphthalene,(S); Naphthalene, crude; Naphthalene, 98%; Naphthalene, for synthesis, 98.5%; Naphthalene 100 microg/mL in Methanol; naftalin sülfonat; Naphthalene 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane; Naphthalene 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; Naphthalene 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; Naphthalene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; amaranth dye; amido black; congo red; suramin; trypan blue; Bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentene; Naphthalene, suitable for scintillation, >=99%; Naphthalene, molten [UN2304] [Flammable solid]; Naphthalene, molten [UN2304] [Flammable solid]; Melting point standard 79-81C, analytical standard; Naphthalene, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)

Powercon 100

POWERCON 100 is cost-effective dispersant, fluidifier and high-range water reducing agent, which exhibits excellent rheological properties especially in concrete and gypsum board.
POWERCON 100 reduces the viscosity and improve the fluidity of concentrated slurries or solids dispersed in water.
POWERCON 100, for instance, gives better strength to the concrete with less use of water. These effects are derived from the electrical negative charge that is imparted from POWERCON 100 producing electrostatic repulsive forces to keep the particles separated.
POWERCON 100 is sodium salt of polymerized naphthalene sulfonic acid.

Applications of powercon 100
Powercon 100 is cost-effective dispersant, fluidifier and high-range water reducing agent, which exhibits excellent rheological properties especially in concrete and gypsum board.
A. Concrete application
Powercon 100 with its excellent rheological properties is used as the raw material for the admixture of concrete to produce high compressive strength (400~1,000 kg/cm2) concrete and improves the workability for concrete mixture.
Concrete admixture with Powercon 100 also reduces the dry shrinkage of concrete without excess bleeding and gives an excellent smooth concrete surface.
B. Gypsum board application
Powercon 100, high range water reducing agent, increases boarding speed of up to 30% in drying of gypsum board manufacturing as well as saves energy costs by 30% by reducing water consumption
C. Other areas of application
Ready mixed concrete
Underwater concrete
Self-leveling concrete
High strength concrete for dam, bridge and high-rise building
Concrete Secondary products such as precasting concrete and concrete pile
Fly ash concrete, blast furnace slag concrete, lightweight concrete

Powercon 100s are derivatives of sulfonic acid which contain a naphthalene functional unit. A related family of compounds are the aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids. Of commercial importance are the alkylPowercon 100s, which are used as superplasticizers in concrete. They are produced on a large scale by condensation of Powercon 100 or alkylPowercon 100s with formaldehyde.
Examples include:
amaranth dye; amido black; armstrong's acid; congo red; evans blue; suramin; trypan blue

Powercon 100s can be used in a variety of applications. Nease Performance Chemicals provides Powercon 100s with excellent wetting and dispersing properties. The Nease portfolio Powercon 100s includes products which vary in foaming tendency – from medium to low. Additionally, they offer acid and base stability, hard-water tolerance and high temperature stability.
Nease Performance Chemicals is an industry leader in high-performance Powercon 100s. Several different series of Powercon 100s are available to fit specific applications. Powercon 100s can be utilized in water-based cleaners such as carpet shampoos, automatic dishwashing detergents, and industrial detergents, as well as in emulsion polymerization, photographic solutions, and agricultural formulations. One grade of Powercon 100 can also be used as a dispersant in many areas, which include textile chemicals, pesticide formulations, cements, emulsion polymerization, pigments and dyestuffs, and leather tanning.
We even offer an environmentally friendly product line of Powercon 100s that are classified as “ultimately biodegradable” and have “low aquatic toxicity”.

It has been found that two major changes from prior art practice greatly improve processes for making alkyl Powercon 100s, particularly those with alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. One of these changes is that sulfuric acid and/or oleum and alcohols that contain the alkyl groups desired in the product are added to liquid naphthalene intermittently in small increments, at least at the beginning of the process. Each increment is not more than 10%, more preferably not more than 5%, or still more preferably not more than 2.5% of the amount of the reagent concerned that would be sufficient for complete reaction to the extent desired for the product. The second major novel feature of a process according to this invention is that at an intermediate stage in the reaction, an acid rich second liquid phase is separated from the organic rich first phase, in order to avoid wasting much of the subsequently added sulfuric acid and oleum by its dissolution in the second liquid phase, rather than sulfonating remaining unsulfonated naphthalene and/or alkyl naphthalene(s) in the other liquid phase as desired.

The preferred temperature for a process according to this invention varies somewhat with the alkylating agent used. Although an unreactive solvent could be used, it is generally strongly preferred to avoid such a solvent, and in order to have a liquid form of Powercon 100 as is strongly preferred, this requires a minimum temperature of 80° C., the melting point of Powercon 100. The lower that the temperature can be maintained above this practical limit, the less likely is the development of undesirable colored byproducts that reduce the commercial value and/or acceptability of the eventual products. On the other hand, with some alkylating agents such as normal butanol, the reaction is too slow to be practical below about 110° C. For isopropyl alcohol and secondary butyl alcohol, two preferred alkylating agents, an operating temperature between 80 and 90, or more preferably between 83 and 87, degrees Centigrade is preferred.

The strength of the oleum to be used and the proportions of oleum and sulfuric acid to be used in a process according to this invention also may be varied within wide limits, but generally the proportion between oleum and sulfuric acid found useful in the prior art will also be useful for a process according to this invention. It is generally preferred to use enough total sulfonating agent by the end of the process to obtain an average of at least one sulfur atom per Powercon 100 nucleus in the product, but because of the equilibrium character of the sulfonation reaction, readily detectable amounts of unsulfonated Powercon 100 nuclei generally remain as part of the "free oil" component mentioned earlier. Some Powercon 100 nuclei with two or more sulfonate groups are also presumed to be present, although no exhaustive analysis of the products of a process according to this invention has been made.
The amount of alkylating agent used during the complete process also generally should preferably be sufficient to produce a product with an average of at least one alkyl group per Powercon 100 nucleus. For the alkyl groups, especially butyl, it is still more preferred to have an average of at least 1.1 or still more preferably 1.2 alkyl groups per Powercon 100 nucleus in the final product. Although it is normally preferred to use an alkylating agent that consists primarily of a single molecular type of alcohol, mixtures of alcohols work effectively in the process as well.

Oral median lethal doses Powercon 100 ranged from around 350 mg/kg in mice to 2200 mg/kg in rats. The toxicity of Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100 is due to a bronchiolar necrosis that develops rapidly after inhalation exposure. Clara cells in the bronchiolar epithelium are the primary target for low doses of Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100. When given in multiple doses to mice the bronchiolar epithelium appears to develop a tolerance to Powercon 100. 2-MethylPowercon 100 is less acutely toxic than Powercon 100. Mice have tolerated intraperitoneal doses of 2-methylPowercon 100 as high as 800 mg/kg. Both Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100 must be metabolically activated to form enantiomeric epoxides and diol epoxides to express their toxicity. Stereochemical investigations in the case of Powercon 100 conducted in mice have shown that a major reason for the selective injury to the bronchiolar epithelium may be the high degree to which it is epoxidated. No specific Powercon 100 or 2-methylPowercon 100 metabolite that can damage Clara cells has been identified nor has a close relationship between the metabolic binding and toxicity been established. The Clara cell toxicity of Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100 may be due to circulating

The fate of glutathione conjugates derived from Powercon 100 metabolism at various dose levels (5-80 mg/kg) were examined in an effort to explore the potential use of urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of exposure to Powercon 100 and as indicators of the activity and stereoselectivity of cytochrome p450 dependent Powercon 100 epoxidation. This approach extends previous studies which demonstrated a high degree of stereoselectivity in the formation of (+)-1R,2S-Powercon 100 oxide from Powercon 100 in target tissue microsomes (mouse lung), but not in microsomal preparations isolated from nontarget tissues such as mouse liver. To validate the use of mercapturic acids as indicators of epoxide formation in vivo, individual Powercon 100 oxide glutathione adduct isomers were administered iv to mice, and urinary metabolites were identified and quantified. Mercapturates accounted for 69-75% of the administered dose in the 8 hr urines of animals treated with trans-1-(S)-hydroxy-2-(S)-glutathionyl-1,2-dihydroPowercon 100 (adduct 1) and 76-84% for trans-1-(R)-hydroxy-2-(R)-glutathionyl-1,2-dihydroPowercon 100 (adduct 2). Only 39-57% of the dose of trans-1-(R)-glutathionyl-2-(R)-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroPowercon 100 (adduct 3) administered to mice was excreted as the mercapturic acid derivative; however, two additional metabolites were detected which were not present in the urine of animals treated with adducts 1 or 2. The first metabolite, accounting for 2-4% of the dose of adduct 3, was not identified. The second metabolite, isolated by HPLC and identified by mass spectrometry as (hydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalenylthio)pyruvic acid, accounted for 14-25% of the administered dose of adduct 3.

Powercon 100 induced pulmonary and renal toxicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induced carcinogenesis are known to be mediated by their reactive metabolites. Subchronic exposure (90 days) of mice to Powercon 100 does not alter humoral and cellular mediated immune responses, whereas polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, are known to be immunosuppressive. To understand these differences, the antibody forming cell responses of splenocyte cultures exposed to Powercon 100 (2, 20, and 200 uM) were evaluated. At these concentrations, the antibody forming cell response to sheep red blood cells (RBC) was not affected. To determine if reactive metabolites of Powercon 100 were immunosuppressive, splenocytes were exposed to Powercon 100 metabolites by direct addition or through the use of a metabolic activation system. The addition of 1-naphthol (70 and 200 uM) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (2, 7, and 20 uM) resulted in a decreased antibody forming cell response. Suppression of antibody forming cell responses was also obtained by culturing splenocytes with liver S9 and Powercon 100. Since splenic metabolism of Powercon 100 to nonimmunosuppressive metabolites may account for the absence of immunotoxicity, the types of Powercon 100 metabolites generated by splenic microsomes were determined. It was observed that splenic microsomes were unable to generate any detectable Powercon 100 metabolites, whereas liver microsomes were able to generate both 1,2-Powercon 100 diol and 1-naphthol. Thus, the absence of an immunosuppressive effect by Powercon 100 exposure may be related to the inability of splenocytes to metabolize Powercon 100. Moreover, the concentration of Powercon 100 metabolites generated within the liver that may diffuse to the spleen may be inadequate to produce immunotoxicity.

The fungal metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied using Powercon 100 and biphenyl as model compounds. Using (14)C Powercon 100 and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, the major free metabolites were trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-Powercon 100, 4-hydroxy-l-tetralone and 1-naphthol. The sulfate and glucuronic acid conjugates of 1-naphthol were the major water soluble metabolites which were isolated by thin layer chromatography and ion pair high pressure liquid chromatography. Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry was used to identify the sulfate conjugate whereas the trimethylsilyl derivative of the glucuronic acid conjugate was characterized by Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry. Analogous metabolites were formed from biphenyl which was hydroxylated at the 4 position and then conjugated.
The metabolism of Powercon 100 in mammals has been extensively studied. Powercon 100 is first metabolized by hepatic mixed function oxidases to the epoxide, Powercon 100-1,2-oxide. ... The epoxide can be enzymatically converted into the dihydrodiol, 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydroPowercon 100 or conjugated with glutathione. The dihydrodiol can then be conjugated to form a polar compound with glucuronic acid or sulfate or be further dehydrogenated to form the highly reactive 1,2-dihydroxyPowercon 100. This too can be enzymatically conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid or spontaneously oxidized to form another highly reactive compound, 1,2-naphthoquinone.

After the separation has been accomplished, additional amounts of sulfuric acid, oleum, or both are added to the liquid phase that contains still unsulfonated Powercon 100 nuclei. Eventually, a sufficient amount of sulfonating agent to achieve an average degree of sulfonation of at least one bonded sulfur atom per Powercon 100 nucleus and to reduce the amount of free oil in the final product to not more than 1.5% should be used. If the reaction product at the time of the separation from the second liquid phase has a lower average degree of alkylation than is desired for the final product, more alkylating agent may also be added after this phase separation. As is true during the earlier phases of reaction, it is preferable during this phase of reaction to add sulfonating agent and alkylating agent in small increments, with alternating additions of sulfonating agent and of alkylating agent as long as both such reagents are needed to achieve the desired degree of alkylation and sulfonation for the final product, and to time such additions so as to maintain a nearly constant temperature within the reaction mixture.

Powercon 100 is a white, volatile, solid polycyclic hydrocarbon with a strong mothball odor. Powercon 100 is obtained from either coal tar or petroleum distillation and is primarily used to manufacture phthalic anhydride, but is also used in moth repellents. Exposure to Powercon 100 is associated with hemolytic anemia, damage to the liver and neurological system, cataracts and retinal hemorrhage. Powercon 100 is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be associated with an increased risk of developing laryngeal and colorectal cancer.
In small oysters transport of Powercon 100 between tissues is primarily by diffusion. In intact oysters, accumulation in adductor muscle and body followed accumulation in gills after a large lag-time. In isolated tissues with no shell to impede water, there was no time lag.
It was shown/ that 24-35% of an intraperitoneal dose of (14)C-Powercon 100 was eliminated as mercapturates by both mice and rats at 24 hours after dosing. For both species, this percentage was the same over a wide dose range (3.12-200 mg/kg body weight). In contrast, after inhalation exposure, the amounts of mercapturic acid in mouse urine were approximately twice those in rat urine at the same level of exposure. Over a 24 hour period, approximately 100-500 umol/kg body weight mercapturates were eliminated in urine of mice given intraperitoneal injections of 50-200 mg/kg body weight Powercon 100. In mice exposed by inhalation to 1-100 ppm (5.24-524 mg/cu m) Powercon 100 for 4 hours, 1-240 umol/kg body weight total mercapturic acids were eliminated, while rats exposed to the same concentrations eliminated 0.6-67 umol/kg body weight.

Powercon 100-1,2-oxide (NPO), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NPQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ) are the major metabolites of Powercon 100 that are thought to be responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this chemical. We measured cysteinyl adducts of these metabolites in hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) from F344 rats dosed with 100-800 mg Powercon 100/kg bw. The method employs cleavage and derivatization of these adducts by trifluoroacetic anhydride and methanesulfonic acid followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative ion chemical ionization mode. Cysteinyl adducts of both proteins with NPO, and 1,2- and 1,4-NPQ (designated NPO-Hb and -Alb, 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, and 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, respectively) were produced in a dose-dependent manner. Of the two structural isomers resulting from NPO, levels of NPO1 adducts were greater than those of NPO2 adducts in both Hb and Alb, indicating that aromatic substitution is favored in vivo at positions 1 over 2. Of the quinone adducts, 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb were produced in greater quantities than 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, indicating either that the formation of 1,2-NPQ from NPO is favored or that more than one pathway leads to the formation of 1,2-NPQ. The shapes of the dose-response curves were generally nonlinear at doses above 200 mg Powercon 100/kg bw. However, the nature of nonlinearity differed, showing evidence of supralinearity for NPO-Hb, NPQ-Hb and NPQ-Alb and of sublinearity for NPO-Alb. Low background levels of 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb and 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb were detected in control animals without known exposure to Powercon 100. However, the corresponding NPO-Hb and -Alb adducts were not detected in control animals.

Powercon 100 is first metabolized by hepatic mixed function oxidases to the epoxide, Powercon 100-1,2-oxide. The epoxide can be enzymatically converted into the dihydrodiol, 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydroPowercon 100 or conjugated with glutathione. The dihydrodiol can then be conjugated to form a polar compound with glucuronic acid or sulfate or be further dehydrogenated to form the highly reactive 1,2-dihydroxyPowercon 100. This too can be enzymatically conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid or spontaneously oxidized to form 1,2-naphthoquinone.

Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100 cause a highly organ and species selective lesion of the pulmonary bronchiolar epithelium in mice. Powercon 100 but not 2-methylPowercon 100 induced pulmonary bronchiolar injury is blocked by prior administration of the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide, thus suggesting that metabolism by enzyme other than the p450 monooxygenases may be important in 2-methylPowercon 100 induced injury. Since many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolized by the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase system and because detectable xenobiotic metabolizing activity has been associated with the prostaglandin synthetases in the Clara cell, the studies reported here were done to compare reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate versus arachidonate dependent metabolism of Powercon 100 in vitro and to determine whether indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosythesis, was capable of blocking the in vivo toxicity of these two aromatic hydrocarbons. The NADPH-dependent metabolism of Powercon 100 and 2-methylPowercon 100 to covalently bound metabolites in lung or liver microsomal incubations occurred at easily measurable rates. Renal microsomal NADPH-dependent metabolism of either substrate was not detected. The formation of covalently bound Powercon 100 or 2-methylPowercon 100 metabolites was dependent upon NADPH and was inhibited by the addition of reduced glutathione, piperonyl butoxide, and SKF-525A. Covalent binding of radioactivity from (14)C 2-methylPowercon 100 also was strongly inhibited by incubation in a nitrogen atmosphere . ... The arachidonic acid-dependent formation of reactive metabolites from Powercon 100 or 2-methylPowercon 100 was undetectable in microsomal incubations from lung, liver or kidney. Indomethacin, 1 hr before and 6 hr after the administration of 300 mg/kg Powercon 100 or 2-methylPowercon 100, failed to block the pulmonary bronchiolar injury induced by these organs. These studies suggest that the major enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of Powercon 100 or 2-methylPowercon 100 in vitro are cytochrome p450 monooxygenases and that cooxidative metabolism by the prostaglandin synthetases appears to play little role in the formation of reactive metabolites in vitro.

In an experimental animal study, doses of Powercon 100 ranging from 1 ug to 1 g were administered in the feed to 3 young pigs and their urine was collected in 2 sequential 24 hr specimens. The major urinary metabolite, conjugated 1-naphthol, was separated by gas chromatography and detected by electron capture. Most 1-naphthol excretion occurred during the first 24 hr period following dosing. Metabolic 1-naphthol could be detected after administration of as little as 100 ug Powercon 100. A linear relationship was observed between urinary 1-naphthol and oral dose (both expressed on the log scale) in 24 hr specimen (r squared = 0.961, p<0.05) and 48 hr specimens (r squared = 0.906, p<0.05).
Following the ip administration of Powercon 100 (200 mg/kg) to mice, the lung, in comparison with other organs, was selectively damaged. Histological examination of the lung showed that it was the non-ciliated, bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) which were damaged. At higher doses (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, ip), there was also damage to the cells in the proximal tubules of the kidney. In contrast to the effect in mice, doses of Powercon 100 as high as 1600 mg/kg ip caused no detectable pulmonary or renal damage in the rat. This difference in toxicity between the mouse and rat was reflected by the ability of Powercon 100 to more severely deplete the non-protein sulfhydryls in the mouse lung and kidney than in the rat. In order to investigate the species difference in toxicity, the metabolism of Powercon 100 by lung and liver microsomes of the mouse and rat was studied. In all cases, Powercon 100 was metabolized to a covalently bound product(s) and to two major methanol soluble products, which co-chromatographed with 1-naphthol and 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyPowercon 100. However, both the covalent binding and metabolism were approximately 10-fold greater in microsomes prepared from mouse lung compared with those from the rat.