PRODUCTS

SODIUM PERIODATE

Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt, composed of a sodium cation and the periodate anion.
Sodium periodate may also be regarded as the sodium salt of periodic acid.
Like many periodates, Sodium periodate can exist in two different forms: sodium metaperiodate (formula‍ NaIO4) and sodium orthoperiodate (normally Na2H3IO6, but sometimes the fully reacted salt Na5IO6).
Both salts are useful oxidising agents.

CAS: 7790-28-5
European Community (EC) Number: 232-197-6

IUPAC Name: sodium;periodate

Molecular Weight: 213.892 g/mol
Molecular Formula: INaO4

Sodium periodate, 7790-28-5, Sodium metaperiodate, Sodium m-periodate, sodium meta-periodate, sodium;periodate, Sodium (meta)periodate, Periodic acid, sodium salt, Periodic acid (HIO4), sodium salt, MFCD00003534, sodiumperiodate, 98W4A29X43, HSDB 7298, EINECS 232-197-6, sodium penodate, sodium periodat, Periodate sodium, UNII-98W4A29X43, Sodium iodate(VII), sodium(meta)periodate, Sodium meta periodate, NaIO4, sodium (meta) periodate, Na I O4, EC 232-197-6, Sodium periodate, ACS grade, Sodium metaperiodate ACS grade, CHEBI:75226, DTXSID30894075, SODIUM METAPERIODATE [MI], SODIUM M-PERIODATE [HSDB], BCP04945, AKOS005267138, AKOS015950617, BP-21195, DB-231843, NS00082315, Periodic acid (HIO4), sodium salt (1:1), Q281419

Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt commonly used as an oxidizing agent for various organic substrates and a co-oxidant in a few other oxidation reactions.
The oxidation of sodium periodate takes place in a water medium, but an organic co-solvent is used for organic substrates that are insoluble in water.

Sodium periodate is an inorganic sodium salt having periodate as the counterion.
Sodium periodate has a role as an oxidising agent.
Sodium periodate contains a periodate.

Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt, composed of a sodium cation and the periodate anion.
Sodium periodate may also be regarded as the sodium salt of periodic acid.
Like many periodates Sodium periodate can exist in two different forms: sodium metaperiodate, which has the formula NaIO4, and sodium orthoperiodate, normally this means sodium hydrogen periodate (Na2H3IO6) but the fully reacted sodium orthoperiodate salt, Na5IO6, can also be prepared.
Both salts are useful oxidising agents.

Sodium periodate, with the chemical formula NaIO4, has emerged as a pivotal reagent in diverse realms of scientific research, showcasing its versatile capabilities and broad utility.
One of its primary applications lies in its role as an oxidizing agent, particularly in organic synthesis.
Sodium periodate′s ability to cleave vicinal diols into corresponding aldehydes or ketones has been extensively harnessed in the preparation of various chemical intermediates and complex molecules.
Furthermore, its selective oxidation properties have found utility in carbohydrate chemistry, where it serves as a valuable tool for the functionalization and modification of polysaccharides and glycoproteins.
Recent research efforts have also explored its application in the field of materials science, with studies focusing on its use in the synthesis of nanostructured materials and functionalized surfaces.
Additionally, sodium periodate has been investigated for its role in analytical chemistry, particularly in the development of novel detection methods for various analytes.
Sodium periodate's compatibility with a wide range of substrates and its relatively mild reaction conditions render it a versatile reagent for diverse research applications spanning organic synthesis, carbohydrate chemistry, materials science, and analytical chemistry.

Sodium periodate can be used to form aldehydes on unmodified N-terminal serine or threonine residues in proteins and peptides.
Periodate cleaves carbon–carbon bonds that both possess primary or secondary hydroxyls or amines (i.e., diols or 2-amino alcohol groups).
If a primary hydroxyl is present, such as in the case of N-terminal serine residues, then the reaction liberates formaldehyde and forms an aldehyde group (an α-N-glyoxylyl) at the end of the peptide.
This reaction can be used to direct bioconjugation to a site-specific point on biomolecules, provided that there are no other periodate-oxidizable groups within the protein structure.
A synthetic peptide designed to have an N-terminal serine or threonine residue can provide a site of coupling at the end of the chain.
This strategy is a viable alternative to the incorporation of a cysteine group for bioconjugation at the end of a peptide.

Sodium periodate is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis for the oxidation of various organic substrates.
Sodium periodate can also be used as a co-oxidant with other oxidizing reagents such as osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate.
The oxidation of sodium periodate takes place in a water medium, but an organic co-solvent is used for organic substrates that are insoluble in water.

Sodium periodate is a chemical compound that is made up of sodium and periodic acid.
Sodium periodate is an oxidant and can be used as a disinfectant. Sodium periodate has been shown to react with water molecules to form hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide.
The reaction also produces heat, which may be used for sterilization purposes.
Sodium periodate is commonly used in the production of human immunoglobulin, which is used to treat autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Sodium periodate has also been shown to have potential as a fluorescence probe for acidic compounds in water vapor.

Sodium periodate is used to oxidize cellulose and create a biocompatible and biodegradable compound that can be used as suture, as a scaffold for tissue engineering, or for drug delivery.

Sodium periodate can be used in solution to open saccharide rings between vicinal diols leaving two aldehyde groups.
This process is often used in labeling saccharides with fluorescent molecules or other tags such as biotin.
Because the process requires vicinal diols, periodate oxidation is often used to selectively label RNA (ribose has vicinal diols) instead of DNA deoxyribose does not have vicinal diols.

Sodium periodate is a versatile inorganic compound known for its potent oxidative action.
Sodium periodate's chemical properties allow a wide range of applications in various scientific fields.
On the one hand, Sodium periodate is widely used in chemistry as a strong oxidizing agent capable of promoting and catalyzing a wide range of reactions.

In histology, sodium periodate is used to oxidize hematein to hematoxylin.
This is also known as artificial maturation of the hematoxylin solution.
In this process, the central phenol molecule, hematein, is oxidized by sodium periodate to produce the nuclear dye hematoxylin.

Sodium periodate (NaIO4) breaks apart 1,2-diols (“vicinal” diols) to form aldehydes and ketones.
In this respect Sodium periodate’s the same as periodic acid (HIO4) and lead tetra-acetate [Pb(OAc)4].

Cleavage Of Vicinal Diols By Sodium Periodate (NaIO4) – The Mechanism
The first step in cleavage of vicinal diols by Sodium periodate is the direct attachment of the alcohols to the iodine.
This occurs through two successive attacks of the iodine by lone pairs on each of the hydroxyl groups followed by a proton transfer.

In the second step, what happens is a kind of reverse cycloaddition (similar to what happens when an ozonide breaks down).
This is a somewhat simplified version of the mechanism (skipping over the proton transfer).

Sodium Periodate is the sodium salt of periodic acid used to oxidize cellulose.
Sodium Periodate oxidation is often used to selectively label RNA, saccharides and other compounds with vicinal diols.
Oxidimetric standard; determination of manganese. Sodium metaperiodate is used as an oxidizing reagent involved in the oxidation of cellulose.
It is involved in the cleavage of vicinal diols to prepare two aldehydes.
This oxidation is commonly used in selectively label RNA, saccharides and other compounds with vicinal diols.

Sodium periodate is a stable, selective, and cost-effective reagent that is capable of reacting under mild conditions.

Sodium periodate can be used to oxidize hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms, forming reactive aldehyde residues suitable for coupling with amine- or hydrazide-containing molecules.
The reaction occurs with two adjacent secondary hydroxyls to cleave the carbon–carbon bond between them and create two terminal aldehyde groups.
When one of the adjacent hydroxyls is a primary hydroxyl, reaction with periodate releases one molecule of formaldehyde and leaves a terminal aldehyde residue on the original diol compound.
These reactions can be used to generate crosslinking sites in carbohydrates or glycoproteins for subsequent conjugation of amine-containing molecules by reductive amination.
Sodium periodate also reacts with 2-aminoethanol derivatives—compounds containing a primary amine and a secondary hydroxyl group on adjacent carbon atoms.
Oxidation cleaves the carbon–carbon bond, forming a terminal aldehyde group on the side that had the original hydroxyl residue.
This reaction can be used to create reactive aldehydes on N-terminal serine residues of peptides.

Sodium Periodate is a gentle oxidizing agent that cleaves cis-diols in carbohydrate sugars to create amine-reactive aldehydes, providing many uses relating to the study and detection of glycoproteins.

Features of Sodium meta-Periodate:

• Convert sugars in sialic acid and other glycosylation groups to reactive aldehydes
• Immobilize glycoproteins to a hydrazide-activated solid support
• Conjugate antibodies to glycoprotein enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase
• Probe for cell-surface polysaccharides
• Detect carbohydrate-containing proteins using hydrazide-containing probes

Sodium periodate converts cis-glycol groups in carbohydrates to amine-reactive aldehyde groups.
Carbohydrate groups in glycoproteins are excellent sites for modification or crosslinking reactions because they allow the conjugation reaction to be directed away from amino acids in the polypeptide chain that could be critical for protein activity.
Sodium periodate cleaves bonds between adjacent carbon atoms that contain hydroxyl groups (cis-glycols), creating two aldehyde groups that are spontaneously reactive to amine- and hydrazide-activated labeling, immobilization supports and crosslinking reagents.

Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion.
Sodium metaperiodate (often abbreviated as m-periodate) has the formula NaIO4.
Sodium orthoperiodate (often abbreviated as o-periodate) has the formula Na5IO6.
Both salts are useful in certain synthetic chemistries for the oxidative power of the periodate ion.

Density is 3,865 kg m-3.
Sodium periodate is soluble in water.
When heated, Sodium periodate decomposes to form sodium iodate, NaIO3 and oxygen.
This decomposition reaction is catalyzed by the presence of manganese(IV) oxide.

Sodium periodate is used to oxidize cellulose and create a biocompatible and biodegradable compound that can be used as suture, as a scaffold for tissue engineering, or for drug delivery.

Sodium periodate is a white tetragonal crystal that dissolves in water and acid. Contains trace amounts of free acid, chloride, bromide, sulfate, heavy metals and other impurities.
Purification can be performed by recrystallization from an aqueous solution.

This kind of goods has a strong oxidation performance, although it does not burn, but under certain conditions, subject to friction, vibration impact, high heat or acid and alkali substances, in the damp, contact with organic matter, when the reducing agent and the articles that conflict with the nature are mixed, they can be decomposed, and combustion and explosion occur.
Sodium periodate has two main uses in Organic Synthesis: it is used as an oxidant and a catalyst.
Due to the solubility, the oxidation of Sodium periodate is generally carried out in water.
Since many organic substances are insoluble in water, the use of co-solvents is desirable.
The oxidation reaction can also be carried out in a two-phase system when a phase transfer catalyst is present or Sodium periodate is supported on an inert support.

Sodium periodate may be used as an oxidizing agent.
For ceramic paper, printed cloth, printing paper screen printing process;
In the printing plate manufacturing process, for the removal of insoluble polyvinyl alcohol layer from the printing plate bottom.
Sodium periodate is also used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Sodium periodate can be used as an important raw material in the pharmaceutical industry, and can also be used as a common analytical reagent and chromatographic analysis reagent.
Sodium periodate can be used as pharmaceutical intermediates and health products
quinone is produced by the cleavage of diols and the oxidation of hydroquinone.

iodine is oxidized by chlorine gas in aqueous medium to form periodic acid, sodium periodate solution is generated by adding sodium hydroxide solution and neutralized to Ph 2~3, and then purified, separated impurities, concentrated by evaporation, cooled crystallization, centrifuged separation and dried to obtain Sodium periodate finished product, HIO4 NOH → NaIO4 H2O

Applications
Sodium periodate can be used as an oxidizing agent:
- In the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.
- For the oxidative cleavage of a variety of 1,2-diols to generate aldehydes or ketones.
- In the oxidation of diaryl, dialkyl, and aryl alkyl selenides to the respective selenoxides.
- In the selective alkene epoxidation and alkane hydroxylation reactions.
- In the selective oxidation of activated cellulose to obtain dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) by cleavage of the bond between C2 – C3 in the glucose unit.
- It can also be used as an iodinating agent for the iodination of arenes and halo compounds.

Sodium periodate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula NaIO4.
Sodium periodate is a hypovalent compound, which means it has a central atom having less than eight electrons in the valence electron shell.
Sodium periodate is an inorganic chemical compound, and it is a derivative of sodium periodate.
Sodium periodate is a hypervalent molecule, which means it has one or more main group elements having more than eight electrons in its valence shells.

Sodium periodate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula NaIO4.
Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt consisting of a sodium cation and a periodate anion.
We can call it the sodium salt of periodic acid. Similar to many other periodates, this substance also can exist in different forms, such as sodium metaperiodate form and sodium orthoperiodate form.
Both these types are useful oxidizing agents.

Sodium periodate appears as white crystals that are soluble in water.
Sodium periodate is also soluble in acids.
Typically, Sodium periodate is prepared in the form of sodium hydrogen periodate that is commercially available.
Moreover, we can produce sodium periodate through the oxidation of iodates with chlorine and sodium hydroxide or from iodides through oxidation with bromine and sodium hydroxide.
However, modern industrial preparations include electrochemical oxidation of iodates on a PbO2 anode.

Sodium periodate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula NaIO4, while sodium metaperiodate is an inorganic chemical compound and it is a derivative of sodium periodate.
The key difference between sodium periodate and sodium metaperiodate is that sodium periodate is a hypovalent compound, whereas sodium metaperiodate is a hypervalent compound.

Uses

Sodium periodate can be used in solution to open saccharide rings between vicinal diols leaving two aldehyde groups.
This process is often used in labeling saccharides with fluorescent molecules or other tags such as biotin.
Because the process requires vicinal diols, periodate oxidation is often used to selectively label the 3′-ends of RNA (ribose has vicinal diols) instead of DNA as deoxyribose does not have vicinal diols.

Sodium periodate is used in organic chemistry to cleave diols to produce two aldehydes.

Appearance: Crystalline

Physical State: Solid

Solubility: Soluble in water (144 mg/ml at 25° C), sulfuric, nitric, and acetic acids.

Storage: Store at room temperature

Melting Point: 300° C (dec.)

Density: 3.86 g/cm3

Applications
• Sodium periodate can be used as an oxidizing agent:
• In the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.
• For the oxidative cleavage of a variety of 1,2-diols to generate aldehydes or ketones.
• In the oxidation of diaryl, dialkyl, and aryl alkyl selenides to the respective selenoxides.
• In the selective alkene epoxidation and alkane hydroxylation reactions.
• In the selective oxidation of activated cellulose to obtain dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) by cleavage of the bond between C2 – C3 in the glucose unit.
• Sodium periodate can also be used as an iodinating agent for the iodination of arenes and halo compounds.

Sodium periodate can be used as an oxidizing agent for the oxidation of:
• 1,2-diols to aldehydes or ketones via oxidative cleavage. Sulfides to sulfoxides in the presence of phase transfer catalysts.
• Diaryl, dialkyl, and aryl alkyl selenides to the respective selenoxides.
• Phenols and their derivatives to corresponding quinones.
• Acylphosphoranes to α,β-dicarbonyl compounds.

Sodium periodate can also be used in the:
• Selective alkene epoxidation and alkane hydroxylation,·
• Oxidation of carbohydrates.
• Iodination of aromatic compounds.

Useful reagent for the oxidation of carbohydrates prior to labeling with biotin hydrazide

Sodium periodate - Physico-chemical Properties:

Molecular Formula: H2INaO4
Molar Mass: 215.91
Density: 3.865
Melting Point: 300 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boling Point: 300°C
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20 ºC)
Solubility: H2O: 0.5M at20°C, clear, colorless
Vapor Presure: 0Pa at 20℃
Appearance: Solid
Specific Gravity: 4.174
Color: White to almost white
Odor: Odorless
PH: 3.5-5.5 (25℃, 0.5M in H2O)
Storage Condition: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with organic materials, combustible materials.
Forms explosive mixtures with reducing agents, finely powdered metals, magnesium.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic

Preparation
Classically, periodate was most commonly produced in the form of sodium hydrogen periodate (Na3H2IO6).
This is commercially available, but can also be produced by the oxidation of iodates with chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Or, similarly, from iodides by oxidation with bromine and sodium hydroxide:

sodiumiodate
NaIO3+Cl2+4NaOH⟶Na3H2IO6+2NaCl+H2O

NaI+4Br2+10NaOH⟶Na3H2IO6+8NaBr+4H2O

Modern industrial scale production involves the electrochemical oxidation of iodates, on a lead dioxide (PbO2) anode, with the following standard electrode potential:
H5IO6 + H+ + 2e- -> IO3- + 3 H2O E° = 1.6 V

Sodium metaperiodate can be prepared by the dehydration of sodium hydrogen periodate with nitric acid.

Na3H2IO6 + 2 HNO3 -> NaIO4 + 2 NaNO3 + 2 H2O

Structure
Sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4) forms tetragonal crystals (space group I41/a) consisting of slightly distorted IO−4 ions with average I–O bond distances of 1.775 Å; the Na+ ions are surrounded by 8 oxygen atoms at distances of 2.54 and 2.60 Å.

Sodium hydrogen periodate (Na2H3IO6) forms orthorhombic crystals.
Iodine and sodium atoms are both surrounded by an octahedral arrangement of 6 oxygen atoms; however the NaO6 octahedron is strongly distorted.
IO6 and NaO6 groups are linked via common vertices and edges.

Powder diffraction indicates that Na5IO6 crystallises in the monoclinic system (space group C2/m).